To define the practical value of prostatic needle biopsy in patients with suspicious prostatic carcinoma we studied the analysis of the clinical records of 49 patients underwent the prostatic needle biopsy at Severance Hospital during the 5 year period from 1976 through 1980. Forty-nine patients had been biopsied; carcinoma was found in 3 of 15 patients (20 per cent) not having prostatic induration, 6 of 17 (35 per cent) with minimal or equivocal induration and 12 of 17 (71 per cent) with marked induration. The results suggest that the vast majority of the patients with prostatic carcinoma has some degree of palpable induration and that a high index of suspicion appears warranted and needle biopsyshould be performed when any prostatic induration is present on digital rectal examination.
Biopsy, Needle* ; Diagnosis* ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Humans ; Needles* ; Prostatic Neoplasms

The diagnostic methods of evaluating infravesical obstruction, especially in BPH, are based on symptoms, history, digital rectal examination, intravenous pyelography, ultrasonography, uroflowmetry and residual urine, etc. But these methods cannot accurately and objectively evaluate infravesical obstruction. We measured voiding cystometry with uroflowmetry and urethral pressure profile in 24 BPH patients by Dantec UD5500. We classified the degree of obstruction into obstructive, equivocal and nonobstructive types by Griffiths' obstructive nomogram and Type 0 - VI by Schaefer's nomogram after computer assisted pressure-flow analysis. Among 24 patients, obstructive type was in 12, equivocal type in 6, and nonobstructive type in 6 by Griffiths' obstructive nomogram. Based on Schaefer's nomogram, type 0 was in 4 patients, type I in 6, type III in 4, type IV in 2, type V in 4 and type VI in 4. In our analyzed urodynamic parameters, Qmax, Pdet, Pmuo, Atheo and URA had statistical significance(p<0.05). We consider Griffiths' obstructive nomogram and Schaefer's nomogram based on pressure flow plot are objective methods of accurately evaluating infravesical obstruction.
Digital Rectal Examination ; Humans ; Nomograms ; Ultrasonography ; Urodynamics ; Urography

PURPOSE: Anastomotic leakage following surgery is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, prevention of anastomotic leakage is crucial for safe rectal surgery. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of Mallecot(R) insertion on the prevention of anastomotic leakage after low rectal anastomosis. METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2006, 264 rectal cancer surgeries were performed in one center and by one surgeon. Among them, 110 cases whose anastomosis was located below 6 cm from the anal verge were collected and reviewed retrospectively. We made a diverting stoma on 6 out of 20 patients with high risk of anastomotic leakage, and inserted Mallecot(R) on the remaining 14 patients transanally. Removal of Mallecot(R) was done at the 7th postoperative day after a digital rectal examination to identify the completeness of anastomosis had been performed. RESULTS: Totally, anastomotic leakage occurred in 8 of 110 patients (73%). Among the 90 patients without any preventive measures, 7 incidents of anastomotic leakage were observed; on the other hand, 1 of 14 patients with Mallecot(R) insertion suffered anastomotic leakage. In two of the patients with leakage, including 1 in the Mallecot(R) group, the leakage was resolved via percutaneous drainage; in the other 6 patients were reoperated. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of preventing an anastomotic leakage after low rectal surgery cannot be overemphasized to reduce morbidity and to improve the prognosis. In addition, Mallecot(R) insertion may be an alternative method for diverting stoma formation.
Anastomotic Leak ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Drainage ; Hand ; Humans ; Mortality ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: Although the height of a rectal tumor above the anal verge (tumor height) partly determines the treatment strategy, no practical standard exists for reporting this. We aimed to demonstrate the differences in tumor height according to the diagnostic modality used for its measurement. METHODS: We identified 100 patients with rectal cancers located within 15 cm of the anal verge who had recorded tumor heights measured by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), colonoscopy, and digital rectal examination (DRE). Tumor height measured by using MRI was compared with those measured by using DRE and colonoscopy to assess reporting inconsistencies. Factors associated with differences in tumor height among the modalities were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean tumor heights were 77.8 ± 3.3, 52.9 ± 2.3, and 68.9 ± 3.1 mm when measured by using MRI, DRE, and colonoscopy, respectively (P < 0.001). Agreement among the 3 modalities in terms of tumor sublocation within the rectum was found in only 39% of the patients. In the univariate and the multivariate analyses, clinical stage showed a possible association with concordance among modalities, but age, sex, and luminal location of the tumor were not associated with differences among modalities. CONCLUSION: The heights of rectal cancer differed according to the diagnostic modality. Tumor height has implications for rectal cancer’s surgical planning and for interpreting comparative studies. Hence, a consensus is needed for measuring and reporting tumor height.
Colonoscopy ; Consensus ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phenobarbital ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Rectum

Anal diseases are very common and it is important for a medical practitioner to understand how to deal with these diseases. To establish diagnoses of specific conditions, detailed history taking, inspection, palpation including digital rectal examination, and anoscopic examination are performed. Sigmoidoscopy is also required if upper lesions are suspected. History taking should include information about bleeding, prolapse, swelling, pain, discharge, irritation, bowel habit, continence, abdominal symptoms, weight loss. Sims' position and lithotomy position are commonly used for physical examination of the anal area. In addition to careful inspection and palpation, digital rectal examination should be performed to evaluate the anal canal width and sphincter strength. Above all, digital examination is a very useful and cheap tool to find rectal cancer which commonly occurs after middle-ages. Common anal diseases such as hemorrhoids, anal fissure, perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano, pruritus anai, and rectal prolapse are reviewed.
Abscess ; Anal Canal ; Diagnosis* ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Fissure in Ano ; Hemorrhage ; Hemorrhoids ; Palpation ; Physical Examination ; Prolapse ; Pruritus ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Rectal Prolapse ; Sigmoidoscopy ; Weight Loss

PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship of age to serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels among Koreans without clinically evident prostate cancer in a community-based study. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 375 healthy men aged 50 to 79, residing in the small farming villages of Jeong-Eup county, Korea were examined with serum PSA(Hybritech Tandem-R) and digital rectal examination. One case of patient with prostate cancer was excluded. RESULTS: The serum PSA concentration is correlated with patient age(In PSA=-1.56+0.0257 x Age, r=0.32, p-value<0.0001). The recommended age-specific reference ranges of serum PSA(95th percentile) for men aged 50-59 years is 0-2.80ng/m1; for 60-69 years,0-3.56ng/m1; and for 70-79 years, 0-4.57ng/m1. CONCLUSIONS: The serum PSA concentration is correlated with patient age in Korean men and the age-specific PSA reference ranges for Korean are lower than those for Caucasian.
Digital Rectal Examination ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Korea ; Male ; Prostate-Specific Antigen* ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Reference Values*

Purpose: To determine the clinical differences between prostate cancer detected on initial biopsy and repeated biopsy Materials and Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2006, 67 patients were evaluated in this study who were diagnosed prostate cancer by transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies and their prostate specific antigen (PSA) were below 20 ng/ml and clinical stages were less than T2. Among 67 patients, 43 patients were diagnosed at the first biopsies (group A) and others were diagnosed at the repeate biopsies (group B). We retrospectively characterized differences in clinical features such as age, digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate volume, the number of biopsy core, rate of positive core, PSA, % free PSA, Gleason score and rate of insignificant cancer. Results: There were no significant differences in age, PSA, % free PSA, rate of insignificant cancer between groups A and B. However, positive rate of DRE, prostate volume and rate of patients whose PSA were 7 ng/ml or higher in group A were significantly higher than those in group B. Despite the number of biopsy core was higher in group A, there were no differences in the number of positive biopsy core. Conclusions: Compared to the patients who were diagnosed as prostate cancer in the initial biopsies, prostate volume, positive rate of DRE and rate of Gleason score 7 or more were significantly lower in repeated biopsy group. From now on we are planning to include more patients and compare these characteristics of biopsies with the final pathological features after radical prostatectomy.
Biopsy ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Humans ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Retrospective Studies

Purpose: The greatest concern in the androgen replacement therapy (ART) is the possible side effects to the prostate. We evaluated the effects of ART focusing on the prostate specific antigen (PSA). Materials and Methods: From 2003 to 2006, 47 patients 44 to 75 years old (mean age 60.1) received ART. At baseline and after ART, digital rectal examination, serum testosterone and PSA measurement and transrectal ultrasonography were evaluated. Mean follow-up was 7.9 months (range 1 to 41). Patients were classified into two groups based on the initial PSA level, as PSA levels of 2.5 ng/ml or greater (group 1) (n=29) and PSA levels of less than 2.5 ng/ml (group 2) (n=18). Results: ART significantly increased serum testosterone, PSA and free PSA levels. However, prostate volume did not change significantly. When serum PSA was compared, the increase of PSA levels was greater than in high PSA group (group 1) than in group 2, although the ratio between the two groups in PSA increase was 38.3% for group 2 and 18.2% for group 1, respectively. A total of 4 patients (16.7% of group 1 and 3.4% of group 2) with a serum PSA level greater than 4 ng/ml after ART underwent a prostate biopsy but no patients were found to have prostate carcinoma. Conclusions: Rates of PSA elevation (>4 ng/ml) and prostate biopsies were higher in patients with high baseline PSA level (> or =2.5 ng/ml) than in those with PSA level less than 2.5 ng/ml who received ART. However, our findings suggest that an increased risk of prostate cancer was not associated with ART.
Biopsy ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Testosterone

PURPOSE: The relationship between morphological parameters of inflammation in prostatic tissue and the levels of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 95 prostate biopsies performed on 95 men with elevated serum PSA and/or abnormal digital rectal examinations of the prostate were reviewed. Of these, 42 malignant biopsies and 2 cases of clinical prostatitis were excluded. In the remaining 51 prostate biopsies, the extent of inflammation, aggressiveness of inflammation and presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration were scored at both the acini and ducts. RESULTS: The mean serum PSA levels in grades 0, 1 and 2 for the extent of inflammation were 11.4, 8.5 and 9.3, respectively. The mean PSAD levels in these groups were 0.27, 0.17 and 0.17, respectively. The mean serum PSA levels in grades 0, 1 and 2 for the aggressiveness of inflammation were 9.2, 9.5 and 3.8, respectively. The mean PSAD levels in these groups were 0.19, 0.18 and 0.09, respectively. The mean serum PSA levels in the absence and presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration were 8.8 and 9.13, respectively. The mean PSAD levels in these groups were 0.18 and 0.15, respectively. The mean serum PSA and PSAD levels were not significantly increased with the proportional increases in the morphological parameters of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: The serum PSA and PSAD levels were found not to be significantly increased with proportional increases in the morphological parameters of inflammation in asymptomatic histological prostatitis. It is propose that asymptomatic inflammation in prostate tissue is not the reason for delayed repeat prostate biopsies.
Biopsy ; Biopsy, Needle* ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; Needles* ; Prostate* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen* ; Prostatitis*

PURPOSE: We identified preoperative factors and characteristics of prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels equal to or less than 4.0ng/ml, with an elevated PSA above age reference range, abnormal transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) or digital rectal examination (DRE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 322 patients underwent 12 cores prostate biopsy guided TRUS between May 2003 and July 2004. Of these, 92 had a total PSA level of 4ng/ml or less. The indications for a biopsy were an elevated PSA above the age reference range, and an abnormal DRE and TRUS. The age, abnormalities of the DRE or TRUS, and the prostate volume, PSAD, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and maximal flow rate (Qmax) were measured, and the relationships of theses factors between the cancer and non-cancer groups evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 92 patients with a total PSA level of 4ng/ml or less, 19 were confirmed with prostate cancer; a cancer detection rate of 20.6%. The mean ages of patients in the cancer and non-cancer groups were 70.3 and 62.0 years, respectively. The mean prostate volumes, PSA levels, IPSS and Qmax were 31.4 and 48.9ml, 3.23 and 3.17ng/ml, 19.3 and 16.3 and 15.8 and 13.9ml/sec, respectively, in the cancer and non-cancer groups. The advanced age (p<0.05) and a decreased prostate volume (p<0.05) were associated with a positive prostate biopsy. The PSA level, abnormalities of DRE or TRUS, IPSS and Qmax were not associated with a positive biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The detection rates of prostate and insignificant cancers rate were 20.6 and 36.8%, respectively. An advanced age and a decreased prostate volume were significant predictive factors of cancer in patients with PSA level equal to or less than 4.0ng/ml, with an elevated PSA above age reference range, abnormal TRUS or DRE. (Korean J Urol 2005; 46:565-568)
Biopsy ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Prostate* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms* ; Reference Values ; Ultrasonography