Animals ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; administration & dosage ; Dietary Fats ; administration & dosage ; Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; complications ; Obesity ; etiology ; Trace Elements ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo study the mechanism of the effect of low-frequency rotary constant magnetic field on high-fat and high-protein diet-induced fatty liver in rats.

METHODSFatty liver model was established in SD rats by feeding on a high-fat and high-protein diet daily. The enzyme activity changes in the serum and liver homogenate were detected at 10, 14, and 18 weeks, and the pathological changes of the liver were observed with optical and electron microscopy.

RESULTSIn magnetic field intervention group, the concentration of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase were significantly decreased, and the activity of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, superoxide dismutase and the concentration of malondialdehyde in the liver homogenate were significantly increased. Under optical microscope and electron microscope, the rats in the model group showed diffusive adipose degeneration in the hepatic cells with large lipid droplets, which became large vacuoles after fat extraction, indicating fatty necrosis. In magnetic field intervention group, remarkably smaller lipid droplets and lessened hepatic cell adipose degeneration were observed.

CONCLUSIONLow-frequency rotary constant magnetic field has beneficial effect on fat metabolism, leading to reduced lipid peroxidation and structural recovery of the degenerated hepatic cells.

Animals ; Dietary Fats ; administration & dosage ; Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Fatty Liver ; etiology ; pathology ; therapy ; Magnetic Field Therapy ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage* ; Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Physical Conditioning, Human ; Pilot Projects ; Prospective Studies ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa/drug effects*

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid ; blood ; Animals ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; administration & dosage ; Dietary Fats ; administration & dosage ; Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epilepsy ; diet therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Kainic Acid ; Ketone Bodies ; metabolism ; Male ; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal ; pathology ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Kainic Acid ; analysis ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of early protein and energy intake on early growth velocity of premature infants.

METHODSClinical data on premature infants with a birth weight of less than 1800 g were collected retrospectively, including records of general status, enteral and parenteral nutrition and growth parameters. These premature infants were divided into two groups according to the timing of amino acid administration: early supplementation (the first 24 hrs of life; EAA group; n=112) and late supplementation (after 24 hrs of life; LAA group; n=52). Protein and energy intake, protein/energy ratio and growth velocity during hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the association of early protein and energy intake and protein/energy ratio with growth velocity of infants.

RESULTSCompared with the LAA group, the EAA group presented lower weight loss (6.3% vs 8.8%), shorter time to return to birth weight (7 days vs 9 days), and higher head circumference growth (0.79 ± 0.25 cm/week vs 0.55 ± 0.25 cm/week) and weight growth velocity(20 ± 3 g/kg•d vs 17 ± 3 g/kg•d) (P<0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that protein and energy intake and protein/energy ratio on the 3rd and 7th days of life were positively correlated with weight growth velocity. The protein and energy intake per week after returning to birth weight was positively correlated with weight growth velocity (r= 0.709, P<0.01). Significant correlations were found between the protein and energy intake and both head circumference and length growth velocity on the 3rd and the 7th days of life.

CONCLUSIONSEarly administration of amino acids can reduce weight loss, shorten the time taken to return to birth weight, and increase weight and head circumference growth velocity in premature infants. An appropriate increase in protein intake can improve weight, circumference and length growth velocity.

Birth Weight ; Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; growth & development ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Weight Gain

OBJECTIVETo accurately calculate the protein requirements in Chinese young adults using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique.

METHODSNine women and ten men received a restricted daily level of protein intake (0.75, 0.82, 0.89, 0.97, and 1.05 g/kg), along with L-[1-13C]-leucine. Subjects' protein requirement was determined by a biphasic linear regression crossover analysis of F13CO2 data. In doing so, a breakpoint at the minimal rate of appearance of 13CO2 expiration specific to each level of dietary protein was identified. This trial was registered with the Chinese clinical trial registry as ChiCTR-ONC-11001407.

RESULTSThe Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of protein for healthy Chinese young adults were determined to be 0.87 and 0.98 g/(kg•d), respectively, based on the indicator amino acid oxidation technique.

CONCLUSIONThe EAR and RNI of mixed protein are 5% and 16% that are lower than the current proposed EAR and RNI (0.92 and 1.16 g/(kg•d), respectively), as determined by the nitrogen balance method. The respective EAR and RNI recommendations of 0.87 and 0.98 g/(kg•d) of mixed protein are estimated to be reasonable and suitable for Chinese young adults.

Adult ; Amino Acids ; metabolism ; Body Composition ; Body Weight ; Breath Tests ; Carbon Dioxide ; analysis ; Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutritional Requirements ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEAdequate nutrition is paramount for premature infants. Longitudinal information is scant on the effects of early nutrition and later growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of early energy and protein provision in premature infants on adolescent body composition and blood pressure.

METHODSIn 2007-2008 we obtained data from 36 male (12.3±1.7 years) and 25 female (11.5±1.8 years) adolescents born preterm at <34 weeks gestation (range 23-34 weeks) between October 1st 1989 and December 31st 1995 (birth weight <1850 g). The adolescents were divided into groups depending on infant intake mode (enteral vs parenteral), energy provision (<70 kcal/kg/d and ≥70 kcal/kg/d) and protein provision (>2.5 g/kg/d for ≥5 days and >2.5 g/kg/d for <5 days) during the first 14 days of life.

RESULTSAfter controlling for birth weight and biological maturity, adolescents who received ≥70 kcal/kg/d during infancy were significantly taller (163±11 cm vs. 156±11 cm) and heavier (58±16 kg vs. 49±16 kg) than adolescents who received <70 kcal/kg/d. There were no significant differences in systolic and diastolic BP and total percent body fat between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONSOur data suggests that higher infant energy provision appears to be related to adolescent size, it does not appear to contribute to adverse risk factors such as higher systolic BP or increased body fat.

Adolescent ; Blood Pressure ; Body Composition ; Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male

Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Weight Gain

PURPOSETo review evidence-based management of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

DATA SOURCESA literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word "diabetic nephropathy". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed.

STUDY SELECTIONWell-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on diabetic nephropathy were selected.

DATA EXTRACTIONData and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of diabetic nephropathy were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese patients.

RESULTSHypertension, long diabetes duration, poor glycaemic control and central obesity are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage patients with diabetic kidney disease. Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions.

CONCLUSIONSDiabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of patients with nephropathy at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of nephropathy.

Albuminuria ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; therapy ; Hypertension ; therapy

INTRODUCTIONClinical practice guidelines recommend different levels of dietary protein intake in predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. It is unknown how effectively these recommendations perform in a multi-ethnic Asian population, with varied cultural beliefs and diets. We assess the profi le of protein intake in a multi-ethnic Asian population, comparing healthy participants and CKD patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe analysed the 24-hour urine collections of the Asian Kidney Disease Study (AKDS) and the Singapore Kidney Function Study (SKFS) to estimate total protein intake (TPI; g/day). We calculated ideal body weight (IDW; kg): 22.99 × height2 (m). Standard statistical tests were applied where appropriate, and linear regression was used to assess associations of continuous variables with protein intake.

RESULTSThere were 232 CKD patients and 103 healthy participants with 35.5% diabetics. The mean TPI in healthy participants was 58.89 ± 18.42 and the mean TPI in CKD patients was 53.64 ± 19.39. By US National Kidney Foundation (NKF) guidelines, 29/232 (12.5%) of CKD patients with measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <25 (in mL/min/1.73 m2) had a TPI-IDW of <0.6 g/kg/day. By Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment (CARI) guidelines, 76.3% (177/232) of CKD patients had TPI-IDW >0.75g/kg/ day. By American Dietetic Association (ADA) guidelines, 34.7% (44/127) of CKD patients with GFR <50 had TPI-IDW between 0.6 to 0.8 g/kg/day. Only 1/6 non-diabetic CKD patients with GFR <20 had a protein intake of between 0.3 to 0.5 g/kg/day. A total of 21.9% (25/114) of diabetic CKD patients had protein intake between 0.8 to 0.9 g/kg/day.

CONCLUSIONOn average, the protein intake of most CKD patients exceeds the recommendations of guidelines. Diabetic CKD patients should aim to have higher protein intakes.

Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dietary Proteins ; administration & dosage ; urine ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; ethnology ; Middle Aged ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; ethnology ; Singapore