BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to study the different long term effects of consumption of dietary oil sources with varying omega-6/omega-3 (omega-6/omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios on bone marrow fatty acid level, ex vivo prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, and mineral content of bone in rabbits. MATERIALS/METHODS: For this purpose, weaning and female New Zealand white rabbits were purchased and randomly divided into five groups and offered ad libitum diets containing 70 g/kg of added oil for 100 days. The dietary lipid treatments were formulated to provide the following ratios of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids: 8.68 soy bean oil (SBO control), 21.75 sesame oil (SO), 0.39 fish oil (FO), 0.63 algae oil (DHA), and 0.68 algae oils (DHA/ARA). DHA and ARA are two types of marine microalgae of the genus Crypthecodinium cohnii. RESULTS: The dietary treatments had significant effects on the bone marrow fatty acids of rabbits. Rabbits fed the FO diet, containing the highest omega-3 PUFA concentration, and those fed the SBO diet showed the highest omega-6 PUFA. On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between Ex vivo PGE2 level and the omega-6/omega-3 dietary ratio. Significant effects of dietary treatment on femur Ca, P, Mg, and Zn contents were observed in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the current study clearly demonstrated that dietary PUFA, particularly omega-6/omega-3 and ARA/EPA ratios are important factors in determining bone marrow fatty acid profile, and this in turn determines the capacity of bone for synthesis of PGE2, thereby reducing bone resorption and improving bone mass during growth.
Bone Marrow ; Bone Resorption ; Diet ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated ; Dinoprostone* ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Female ; Femur ; Hand ; Humans ; Microalgae ; Minerals ; Oils ; Rabbits* ; Sesame Oil ; Soybean Oil ; Weaning

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to study the different long term effects of consumption of dietary oil sources with varying omega-6/omega-3 (omega-6/omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios on bone marrow fatty acid level, ex vivo prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, and mineral content of bone in rabbits. MATERIALS/METHODS: For this purpose, weaning and female New Zealand white rabbits were purchased and randomly divided into five groups and offered ad libitum diets containing 70 g/kg of added oil for 100 days. The dietary lipid treatments were formulated to provide the following ratios of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids: 8.68 soy bean oil (SBO control), 21.75 sesame oil (SO), 0.39 fish oil (FO), 0.63 algae oil (DHA), and 0.68 algae oils (DHA/ARA). DHA and ARA are two types of marine microalgae of the genus Crypthecodinium cohnii. RESULTS: The dietary treatments had significant effects on the bone marrow fatty acids of rabbits. Rabbits fed the FO diet, containing the highest omega-3 PUFA concentration, and those fed the SBO diet showed the highest omega-6 PUFA. On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between Ex vivo PGE2 level and the omega-6/omega-3 dietary ratio. Significant effects of dietary treatment on femur Ca, P, Mg, and Zn contents were observed in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the current study clearly demonstrated that dietary PUFA, particularly omega-6/omega-3 and ARA/EPA ratios are important factors in determining bone marrow fatty acid profile, and this in turn determines the capacity of bone for synthesis of PGE2, thereby reducing bone resorption and improving bone mass during growth.
Bone Marrow ; Bone Resorption ; Diet ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated ; Dinoprostone* ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Female ; Femur ; Hand ; Humans ; Microalgae ; Minerals ; Oils ; Rabbits* ; Sesame Oil ; Soybean Oil ; Weaning

The relationship between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and violent-aggressive behavior has been payed attention since 1980s. Their correlation was explored by many epidemiological investigations, and the effect of PUFAs on prevention or reduction of violent-aggressive behavior in different groups were also affirmed by some intervention studies. This article summarized the previous studies and reviewed the history of epidemiological or intervention studies on PUFAs and its relationship with violent-aggressive behavior. It also presented the possible influencing factors in these studies and possible mechanisms.
Aggression ; Animals ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/pharmacology* ; Dietary Supplements ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology* ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology* ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology* ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6/pharmacology* ; Fishes ; Folic Acid/metabolism* ; Humans ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/metabolism* ; Norepinephrine/metabolism* ; Risk Factors ; Serotonin/metabolism* ; Violence/prevention & control*

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We examined dietary fat intake and the major food sources by young children in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 1,041 children aged 1–5 years were identified from the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data on total fat and fatty acid intake were obtained by a single 24-h dietary recall. Food sources were identified based on the amounts of total fat and fatty acids consumption according to each food. Fat and fatty acid intakes and their food sources were presented by age group (1–2-y, n = 401; 3–5-y, n = 640). Fat and fatty acid intakes were also evaluated according to socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: The mean intake of fat was 27.1 ± 0.8 g in the 1-2-y group and 35.5 ± 0.7 g in the 3-5-y group, and about 23% of the total energy was obtained from fat in both age groups. The mean intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was 10.5 ± 0.3 g in the 1-2-y group and 12.7 ± 0.3 g in the 3-5-y group, with the 1-2-y group obtaining more energy from SFA than the 3-5-y group (9.2% vs. 8.3%). The mean intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was 6.3 ± 0.1 g in the total subjects, with 0.8 ± 0.03 g of n-3 fatty acids and 5.5 ± 0.1 g of n-6 fatty acids being consumed. Milk, pork, and eggs were major food sources of total fat, SFA, and monounsaturated fatty acids, and soybean oil was the main contributor to PUFA in both age groups. In the 1-2-y group, children in rural areas had significantly higher intake of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids than did those in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide current information on dietary fat intake among young Korean children and could be used to establish dietary strategies for improvement of health status.
Child* ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Dietary Fats ; Eggs ; Fatty Acids* ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Humans ; Korea* ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Ovum ; Red Meat ; Soybean Oil

This study is conducted to determine the effects of dietary levels of corn and tuna oils on the formation of preneoplastic lesions in die-thylnitrosamine (DEN) induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 2.5, 5, 15, 25% (w/w) corn or tuna oils. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was induced by DEN (200 mg/kg body weight) and two-thirds partial hepactectomy was carried out 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. Tuna oil group showed smaller area of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci than corn oil group. Corn oil group of 25% (w/w) showed the widest area of GST-P positive foci, and tuna oil group showed significantly smaller area of GST-P positive foci than corn oil in 25% (w/w) level but had no differences between oil levels. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was the highest in 25% (w/w) level of tuna oil group fed long chain and highly polyunsaturated fatty acids. Also serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activities in 25% level of tuna oil group were significantly higher than by other levels. As oil contents increased, glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) seems to decrease in corn oil groups but remained the same in tuna oil groups. Glutathione reductase (GR) activities were significantly higher in tuna oil group, and the higher the level of tuna oil, the higher GR activities. But Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities didn't seem to be influenced by levels and kind of dietary fats. Therefore, as oil levels increased, corn oil rich in n-6 fatty acids promoted carcinogenesis but tuna oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of n-3 fatty acids suppressed. Although lipid peroxidation products were elevated in 25% (w/w) tuna oil group, GST-P positive foci didn't increase. Therefore preneoplastic lesions might be reduced through mediation of a lipid peroxidation process in tuna oil. As fat contents of tuna oil increased, elevated GR activities may give a rise to produce more reduced glutathione in order to protect against free radical attack, and high G6Pase activities remained the same and they contributed to membrane stability. So tuna oil diet seems to protect hepatocarcinogenesis.
Animals ; Carcinogenesis* ; Corn Oil ; Diet ; Dietary Fats ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Glutathione Reductase ; Glutathione Transferase ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Male ; Membranes ; Negotiating ; Oils* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Tuna* ; Zea mays*

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related death in the world. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is an association between consumption of dietary fat and colon cancer risk. Not only the amount but also the type and the ratio of fatty acids comprising dietary fats consumed have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of colon cancer. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been known to inhibit development of colon cancer by downregulating the expression of genes involved in colon carcinogenesis and also by altering the membrane lipid composition. Data from laboratory, epidemiological, and clinical studies substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 PUFAs in preventing colitis and subsequent development of colon cancer. In addition, recent studies suggest that some n-3 PUFAs can be effective as an adjuvant with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural anticancer compounds in the management of colon cancer. In this review, we discuss chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of fish oil derived long chain n-3 PUFAs, particularly EPA and DHA, with focus on synergetic effects of which they exert when combined with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural compounds.
Carcinogenesis* ; Colitis ; Colon* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Dietary Fats ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated* ; Fish Oils* ; Membranes ; Therapeutic Uses

PURPOSE: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are implicated in secondary osteoporosis, and the resulting fractures cause significant morbidity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a vital role in bone metabolism. However, few trials have studied the impact of omega-3 PUFA-containing oils against GC-induced osteoporosis. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine whether supplementation with omega-3 PUFA-containing dietary oils such as fish oil, flaxseed oil or soybean oil can impede the development of GC-induced osteoporosis. METHODS: The fatty acids (FAs) content of oils was determined using gas chromatography. Male rats were subdivided into 5 groups (8 rats each): normal control (balanced diet), prednisolone control (10 mg/kg prednisolone daily), soybean oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + soybean oil 7% w/w), flaxseed oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + flaxseed oil 7% w/w), and fish oil (from cod liver; prednisolone 10 mg/kg + fish oil 7% w/w). RESULTS: The study data exhibited a significant depletion in bone mineral density (BMD) and femur mass in the prednisolone control compared to the normal control, accompanied with a marked decrease in the levels of plasma calcium and 1,25-(OH)₂-vitamin D₃, and elevated levels of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Supplementation with fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil helped to improve plasma calcium levels, and suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Additionally, bone resorption was suppressed as reflected by the decreased CTX levels. However, fish oil was more effective than the other two oils with a significant improvement in BMD and normal histological results compared to the normal control. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that supplementation with dietary oils containing omega-3 PUFAs such as fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil can play a role in the prevention of bone loss and in the regulation of bone metabolism, especially fish oil which demonstrated a greater level of protection against GC-induced osteoporosis.
Animals ; Bone Density ; Bone Resorption ; Calcium ; Chromatography, Gas ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Femur ; Fish Oils ; Glucocorticoids ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Linseed Oil ; Liver ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; Metabolism ; Oils ; Osteoporosis ; Oxidative Stress ; Plasma ; Prednisolone ; Rats ; Soybean Oil ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

This study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on decreasing the plasma lipid levels and the thrombotic activity in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats (B.W 120 g) were fed a experimental diet containing 5% lard (46.05% saturated fatty acids) , corn oil (51.36% linoleic acid) , evening primrose oil (EPO,72.80% linoleic acid and 9.16% gamma-linolenic acid) or borage oil (BO,40.29% linoleic acid and 24.25% gamma-liolenic acid) for 30 days. Although there were no significant differences in the food intake among the groups, the body weight gain of the BO group was significantly lower than that of the other groups. The bleeding time of the BO group was significantly longer than that of the other groups. There were significantly differences in the whole blood clotting time among the groups except for the EPO and corn oil groups, where the whole blood clotting time of the BO group was the highest among the groups, and that of the lard group was the lowest. The plasma triacyglyceride (TAG) , total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were the lowest in the BO group, but highest in the lard group, and there were significant differences among the groups. The plasma HDL-C concentrations were in the following order: BO, EPO, corn oil and lard groups and there were significant differences among the groups. The excretions of fecal neutial steroids and acidic steroids of the BO group were the highest among the groups, and there were significant differences compared to the other groups. The results suggest that dietary EPO and BO containing gamma-linolenic acid has an antithrombotic activity, and inhibits the increasing of plasma TAG, TC and LDL-C concentrations compared to lard, which contains saturated fatty acids, or corn oil, which contains linoleic acid.
Animals ; Bleeding Time ; Blood Coagulation ; Body Weight ; Borago ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Corn Oil ; Diet ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated* ; Eating ; Fatty Acids ; gamma-Linolenic Acid* ; Humans ; Linoleic Acid ; Male ; Oenothera biennis ; Plasma* ; Primula ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Steroids

Fish oil and shortening have been suggested to have opposite effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study investigated the effect of shortening and fish oil on CVD risk factors and aorta histopathology, and the association between risk factors and aorta histopathology. Male Wister rats (n=30) were fed an AIN-93G diet containing 20% fat in the form of fish oil, shortening, or soybean oil for 4 weeks. Total cholesterol (TC), triacylglyceride (TG), and C-reactive protein levels were significantly (P<0.001) lower in the fish oil than in soybean oil and shortening groups. HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly different (P<0.001) between groups. In addition, LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly (P<0.001) lower in the fish oil and shortening groups than in the soybean oil group. Insulin and glucose concentrations did not differ among groups. Effect of dietary fat on tissue fatty acid composition significantly differed in abdominal fat and brain compared with RBC, heart, kidney and liver. The aortic wall was significantly (P=0.02) thinner in the fish oil group than in the soybean oil and shortening groups. The aortic wall thickness was positively correlated with TG and TC, but negatively with EPA + DHA levels of all tissues. These results suggested that fish oil had protective effects on aorta histopathology by hypolipidemic action in this rat model.
Abdominal Fat ; Animals ; Aorta ; Brain ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Dietary Fats ; Glucose ; Heart ; Humans ; Insulin ; Kidney ; Liver ; Male ; Rats ; Risk Factors ; Soybean Oil

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory factors and beta-cell dysfunction due to high-fat diets aggravate chronic diseases and their complications. However, omega-3 dietary fats have anti-inflammatory effects, and the involvement of autophagy in the etiology of diabetes has been reported. Therefore, we examined the protective effects of autophagy on diabetes using fat-1 transgenic mice with omega-3 self-synthesis capability. METHODS: Streptozotocin (STZ) administration induced beta-cell dysfunction in mice; blood glucose levels and water consumption were subsequently measured. Using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining, we quantitatively assessed STZ-induced changes in the number, mass, and fibrosis of pancreatic islets in fat-1 and control mice. We identified the microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3-immunoreactive puncta in beta-cells and quantified p62 levels in the pancreas of fat-1 and control mice. RESULTS: STZ-induced diabetic phenotypes, including hyperglycemia and polydipsia, were attenuated in fat-1 mice. Histological determination using H&E and Masson's trichrome staining revealed the protective effects of the fat-1 expression on cell death and the scarring of pancreatic islets after STZ injection. In the beta-cells of control mice, autophagy was abruptly activated after STZ treatment. Basal autophagy levels were elevated in fat-1 mice beta-cells, and this persisted after STZ treatment. Together with autophagosome detection, these results revealed that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enrichment might partly prevent the STZ-related pancreatic islet damage by upregulating the basal activity of autophagy and improving autophagic flux disturbance. CONCLUSION: Fat-1 transgenic mice with a n-3 PUFA self-synthesis capability exert protective effects against STZ-induced beta-cell death by activating autophagy in beta-cells.
Animals ; Autophagy* ; Blood Glucose ; Cell Death ; Chronic Disease ; Cicatrix ; Diet, High-Fat ; Dietary Fats ; Drinking ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated* ; Fibrosis ; Hematoxylin ; Hyperglycemia ; Islets of Langerhans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic* ; Pancreas ; Phenotype ; Polydipsia ; Streptozocin