OBJECTIVETo establish the method of promoting human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation by polysaccharide of snakegourd root and identify the effects of polysaccharide of snakegourd root on lymphocyte proliferation, T lymphocyte subsets and the different levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6.

METHODThe polysaccharide of snakegourd root preparations were purified with dialysis and ethanol precipitation. The healthy human PBMC were used as the target cells for screening potency of the drugs. MTT colorimetry was established to examine the levels of lymphocyte proliferation on human PBMC by polysaccharide of snakegourd root in vitro. The percents of lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocyte) and the different levels of TNF-a and IL-6 in PBMC were analysed by FCM and ELISA, respectively.

RESULT1.0-50.0 mmol x L(-1) of polysaccharides of snakegourd root showed the significant effects of promoting proliferation of human PBMC (P < 0.05). The percents of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes in PBMC treated with 5.0 and 10.0 mmol x L(-1) of polysaccharides of snakegourd root were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly higher than those of the control group after 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mmol x L(-1) of polysaccharides of snakegourd root stimulation on the human PBMC at 8 hours (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe significant effects on promoting lymphocyte proliferation and activation of the polysaccharide of snakegourd root are confirmed in this study. The percents of lymphocyte subsets are increased in different degrees by the polysaccharide of snakegourd root. The high levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 are secreted after the polysaccharides of snakegourd root stimulation on the human PBMC, which lays a foundation for further elucidating the immunocompetence effects and mechanism of the polysaccharide of snakegourd root.

Dietary Carbohydrates ; Humans ; Immunocompetence ; drug effects ; Polysaccharides

In this paper, the extraction rate of crude polysaccharides and the yield of polysaccharides from Hippocampus served as test indicators. The comprehensive evaluation indicators were assigned by the R language combined with the entropy weight method. The Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology(BBD-RSM) and the deep neural network(DNN) were employed to screen the optimal parameters for the polysaccharide extraction from Hippocampus. These two modeling methods were compared and verified experimentally for the process optimization. This study provides a reference for the industrialization of effective component extraction from Chinese medicinals and achieves the effective combination of modern technology and traditional Chinese medicine.
Dietary Carbohydrates ; Hippocampus ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Polysaccharides ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo analyze the nutritional ingredients of daily consumed pre-packaged foods in Chinese adult residents.

METHODSFrom October to December 2013, the nutrition labels of pre-packaged foods consumed in continuous 7 days by 706 adult residents were collected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling in 18 communities with 360 households in 9 cities in China including Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenyang, Haerbin,Jinan,Zhengzhou, Changsha and Nanning. The contents of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, sodium and the percentages of low-fat and low-sodium foods were compared among 7 different kinds of foods including baked foods, convenient foods, leisure foods, puffed foods, milk, beverages and seasonings.

RESULTS871 kinds of pre-packaged foods were collected. The median (min, max) of energy contents of puffed foods, baked foods and leisure foods were 2 155(1 638-2 785) kJ/100 g, 1 980 (582-2 639) kJ/100 g, 1 575 (353-3 015) kJ/100 g respectively. The median (min, max) of fat contents of puffed foods, baked foods and leisure foods were 30.0 (5.0-40.9) g/100 g, 20.5 (0.3-40.5) g/100 g, 15.1 (0-71.4) g/100 g respectively. The contents of carbohydrate of baked foods, convenient foods and puffed foods were high relatively, the medians (min, max) of which were 58.1(19.8-82.5), 56.5(0-90.7), and 56.1(42.6-75.8)g/100 g respectively. The sodium content of seasoning was the highest, which was 2 177 (20-12 000) mg/100 g. The protein content of beverage was the lowest, which was 0.4(0-17.8)g/100 ml.

CONCLUSIONThe energy and fat contents of puffed foods, baked foods and leisure foods were high. The carbohydrate contents of baked foods, convenient foods and puffed foods were high relatively. The sodium content of seasonings was high. The protein contents of beverages were low.

Adult ; Beverages ; China ; Cities ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fats ; Dietary Proteins ; Food ; Food, Preserved ; Humans ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritive Value ; Sodium, Dietary

Inadequate nutritional status of pregnancy can cause underweight and premature birth, undergrowth and deliverance of physically and mentally defected babyies. The purpose of this study is to provide guidelines for preventing preterm delivery in the aspect of nutritional factors. The nutrient intakes were compared between a preterm delivery group and a normal term delivery group to recognize risk factors of preterm delivery. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The pregnancy period was statistically longer in the normal term group (p < 0.0001). Weight increase was statistically higher in the normal term group (p < 0.0001). Calories (p < 0.05), carbohydrates (p < 0.0005), dietary fibers (p < 0.0001), potassium (p < 0.0005), vitamin B1 (p < 0.0005), vitamin B6 (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.0001), and folic acid (p < 0.05) intakes were statistically higher in the normal term group. Nutrient density of vitamin B1 (p < 0.05) and vitamin C (p < 0.0001) in the normal term group was statistically higher. Nutrient adequacy ratio of zinc (p < 0.05), vitamin B1 (p < 0.05) and folic acid (p < 0.05) were statistically higher in the normal term group. Index of Nutritional Quality of vitamin B1 (p < 0.05) and vitamin C (p < 0.0001) were statistically higher in the normal term group. In this study, the normal term delivery showed higher intakes of calories, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, crude fiber, potassium, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin C and folic acid than the preterm delivery group. Deficiencies in various nutrients may lead to preterm delivery, therefore, balanced nutrient intake is recommended to prevent preterm delivery.
Ascorbic Acid ; Carbohydrates ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fiber ; Female ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritive Value ; Potassium ; Pregnancy* ; Premature Birth ; Risk Factors ; Thiamine ; Thinness ; Vitamin B 6 ; Zinc

OBJECTIVETo examine the association of dietary patterns with chronic diseases and their indicators.

METHODSUsing the data from 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey, we divided the subjects into clusters according to their dietary patterns classified by different percentage of energy intake from cereal foods, carbohydrate and fat, respectively. The analysis of variance was used to identify the difference in chronic disease prevalence across clusters of subjects while controlling for age, gender and geographic regions. Logistic regression analysis was applied to calculate the odd ratios (OR) for association of chronic disease and each dietary pattern, after adjusted for age, gender, region, energy intake, leisure time.

RESULTSThe higher percentage of energy intake from cereals was significantly associated with lower body mass index (BMI), lower total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). While it was significantly associated with lower risk for overweight/obesity, hypertension, high total cholesterol, high triglyceride (TG) and high LDL-C, but the prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in the cluster of subjects with cereal energy share more than 75%. The higher percentage of energy intake from fat was significantly associated with higher BMI, higher total cholesterol and higher LDL-C, which accordingly, was significantly associated with higher risk for overweight/obesity, hypertension, high total cholesterol, triglyceride and high LDL-C.

CONCLUSIONOur study confirmed the important role of dietary pattern in chronic disease control; in particular, appropriate percentage of energy intake from fat and cereals/carbohydrates are beneficial to control and prevention of chronic diseases.

China ; epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fats ; Humans ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio

PURPOSE: Dietary fiber is a component of carbohydrate that is linked closely with the carbohydrate quality, but few studies have investigated the association of high fiber intake with the cardiometabolic risk factors in Koreans. This study examined the association of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake with the cardiometabolic risk factors among Korean adults.METHODS: This study included 15,095 adults aged ≥20 years, who participated in the 2013 ~ 2017 KNHANES. The dietary intake was obtained using a 24-h dietary recall method. The associations of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia were examined by sex using multiple logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: The median of dietary fiber was 23.6 g/day in men and 20.0 g/day in women. Dietary fiber intake increased gradually as dietary carbohydrate groups increased except for ≥80% of energy from the carbohydrate group. Women in the highest quintile of fiber intake showed a 33% lower risk of metabolic syndrome compared with those in the third quintile. When stratified into low fiber (LF) and high fiber (HF) groups using Adequate Intake of fiber for Koreans, men in the third quartile of carbohydrate intake showed a 44% and 51% higher risk of metabolic syndrome and atherogenic dyslipidemia than in the first quartile, respectively, but only in the LF group. Women in the second quartile of carbohydrate intake showed an 83% higher risk of hypercholesterolemia than in the first quartile in the LF group. On the other hand, as no significant association was observed between the carbohydrate intake and metabolic diseases among the HF groups in both sexes.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a high fiber intake might be associated with a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome and high carbohydrate intake with a low dietary fiber intake might be associated with an increased risk of several metabolic abnormalities among Korean adults. Further prospective studies will be needed to confirm the effects of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake on the cardiometabolic risk factors among Koreans.
Adult ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fiber ; Dyslipidemias ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases ; Methods ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Bokbunja (Rubus Coreanus Miquel) is a wild berry to Rosaceae genus of which application areas have been expanded due to many health effects. Bokbunja contains carbohydrates, protein, fats and dietary fibers as major components and various flavonoids such as tannins, volatile components including organic acids, alcohols and hydrocarbons as minor ones. Those active compounds attribute to increase in immune function, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Recently pure compounds have been isolated from the extracts for the development of medicines. We report here on two cases of acne vulgaris that was successfully treated with Rubus Coreanus Miquel extracts.
Acne Vulgaris ; Alcohols ; Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fiber ; Fats ; Flavonoids ; Fruit ; Hydrocarbons ; Propionibacterium acnes ; Rosacea ; Rosaceae ; Tannins

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is known to be related to various factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the risk of ASCVD and sleep duration or carbohydrate intake using the Pooled Cohort Risk Assessment equations, which estimate a patient's 10-year primary risk.METHODS: A total of 7,781 adults were selected from the 6th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with no missing data as the inclusion criteria for analysis. The 10-year estimated risk of ASCVD risk was calculated using the Pooled Cohort Risk Assessment Equations. The χ² test was used to analyze the difference in the rates of ASCVD high-risk groups due to sleep duration and carbohydrate intake. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to verify the effects of sleep duration and carbohydrate intake on ASCVD risk.RESULTS: Shorter sleep duration (≤5 hours) was 1.166-times more likely in the ASCVD high-risk group than was optimal sleep duration (6–8 hours) (odds ratio [OR], 1.166; P < 0.05). Excessive sleep duration (≥9 hours) was also 1.504-times more likely in the ASCVD high-risk group than was optimal sleep duration (OR, 1.504; P < 0.001). Excessive carbohydrate intake (>65%) was 1.185-times more likely in the ASCVD high-risk group than was recommended carbohydrate intake (55%–65%) (OR, 1.185; P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Inappropriate sleep duration and excessive carbohydrate intake increase the risk of ASCVD.
Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cohort Studies ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment

Objective To compare the effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage on post-exercise rehydration of healthy young men in different seasons,and to explore the influence of seasonal adaptability on fluid and electrolyte balance.Methods Fifteen healthy men,aged(24.4±0.5)years,completed 2 trails in a random crossover design both in summer and winter.During recovery,they consumed a drink volume equivalent to 100% of their sweat loss with plain boiled water(the water group)or carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage(the beverage group).Recovery was monitored for further 180 minutes by the collection of blood and urine samples.Results The dehydration time in summer was significantly shorter by about 20 minutes than that in winter(
Adult ; Beverages ; Cross-Over Studies ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Electrolytes ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Seasons

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of nutrition-related knowledge, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes of alcoholic patients and how nutrition education affects these nutritional behaviors. METHODS: Subjects included 37 adult male alcoholic patients who were hospitalized. The nutrition education program consisted of five lessons over a five-week period. An each 80-minute nutrition education program per week was implemented for the alcoholic patients over a five-week period. Both before and after the implementation of nutrition education, their nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits were assessed and nutrient intakes were investigated. RESULTS: The subjects showed drinking habits of considerably high frequency, a large quantity of alcohol consumption, and preference for soju (a liquor) over beer. They had proper weight, height, and BMI, and came from relatively poor socioeconomic backgrounds with a low-level of self-rated health status and a comparatively high rate of suffering from disease. Mean score of their nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits was quite low. They consumed less energy, dietary fiber, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, folic acid, Ca, and K, but more Na compared to each Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). After implementing the nutrition education, mean score of nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits showed significant improvement. In addition, the meeting rate of each DRI of several nutrients was increased significantly, including energy, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and B6, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, Ca, P, K, Fe, and Zn, while that of Na decreased. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that alcoholic patients had various nutritional problems, such as lack of nutrition-related knowledge, bad dietary habits, and insufficient nutrient intakes, however, these problems can be positively modified by implementation of a relatively short-term nutrition education program.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholics* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Beer ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fiber ; Drinking ; Education* ; Folic Acid ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Male ; Niacin ; Pyridoxine ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Riboflavin ; Vitamins