No abstract available.
Appendicitis* ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene*

Anticoccidial effects of the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz (Rutaceae) extract (DDE) were evaluated in chickens following oral infection with Eimeria (E.) tenella. Three-day-old chickens (n=30) were assigned to three groups (control, untreated, and DDE 0.1% treated). Chickens were fed a standard diet supplemented with or without DDE for 1 week prior to infection with E. tenella (10,000 sporulated oocysts per chicken). The effects of DDE on E. tenella infection were assessed by two parameters; fecal oocysts shedding and body weights gain. The DDE-fed chickens produced significantly reduced fecal oocysts (P<0.05) when compared to the E. tenella-infected group fed standard diet. Also, DDE-based diet, improved body weight loss caused by E. tenella infection. Our data demonstrated that DDE had remarkable anticoccidial activities against E. tenella. This finding might have implications for the development of anticoccidial drug. This study is the first to demonstrate anticoccidial effect of DDE on Eimeria parasites.
Body Weight ; Chickens ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene ; Dictamnus* ; Diet ; Eimeria ; Eimeria tenella* ; Oocysts ; Parasites ; Rutaceae

The ABCC11 gene is a member of the ATP-binding cassette gene family. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ABCC11 gene is associated with the determination of human earwax type. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the allelic frequencies of this gene in Korean population samples. A total of 619 individuals were analyzed by Dde I restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The genotype frequency of dry earwax in Koreans was very high. The proportions of dry/dry genotype found were 99% (99/100) in normal controls; 98.1% (207/211) in patients with schizophrenia; 99% (99/100) in patients with breast cancer; 96% (48/50) patients with uterine myoma; 98.3% (59/60) in obesity subjects; 100% (43/43) in patients with stomach cancer, and 98.2% (54/55) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. The wet/wet genotype was not found. There were no significant differences in the distribution of earwax genotypes between controls and experimental groups. These results suggest that the frequency of dry earwax are very high, and therefore the SNP determining earwax type will not be useful in genetic studies of the process involved in various diseases or pathologic conditions in Korean populations.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Breast ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene ; Genotype ; Humans ; Obesity ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Stomach Neoplasms

There are many causes of the right lower quadrant(RLQ) abdominal pain. Although the most common underlying cause may be acute appendicitis, chronic constipation(or fecal impaction) is the cause in some portions. In review of 120 patients with chronic constipation between 1990 and 1996, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of the RLQ pain secondary to chronic constipation. In case of the RLQ pain secondary to chronic constipation, the key points in the DDx from the RLQ pain due to acute appendicitis are as follows. (1) RLQ pain in chronic constipation is characterized by dull pain and usually it has been complained for several weeks, several months or even several years in more than half. (2) The patients don't have accompanying G-I symptoms(such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain) in more than 90%. (3) The patient complains of mild tenderness in RLQ area in some cases but no rebound tenderness was found in any cases. (4) In almost all cases, WBC count in patient's blood is within normal limits and body temperature is under 37.0degrees C. (5) For the most part, simple abdomen X-ray finding shows large or moderate amount of fecal material in the colon. So I suggest that (a) DDx in the RLQ pain could be made between acute appendicitis & chronic constipation by above findings and (b) In case of chronic constipation we need not perform negative appendectomy and it could be managed by conservative management such as enema, laxatives, high fiber diet, etc. Conclusively, I mention that the rate of negative appendectomy would be able to be reduced a little by taking these points into consideration in the clinic.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Pain ; Anorexia ; Appendectomy ; Appendicitis* ; Body Temperature ; Colon ; Constipation* ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene* ; Diet ; Enema ; Fecal Impaction ; Humans ; Laxatives ; Nausea ; Vomiting

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods for analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of hemophilia B (coagulation factorIX) gene in Korean population. METHODS: Genomic DNAs were extracted from 40 Korean females. In order to amplify genomic DNAs at the region of the polymorphic sites, two sets of primers (Hha I and Dde I) were synthesized. The primers were named as FIX1, FIX2 for Hha I, and Dde I 59, Dde I 39 for Dde I, respectively. Hha I primers annealed 3'-flanking region of the FactorIX gene and amplified 230 bp long fragment. The PCR fragment (230 bp) treated with Hha I endonuclease produced two fragments (150 bp and 80 bp), when the polymorphic site existed. Dde I primers annealed the region of the first intron of Factor IX gene and amplified 319 bp long fragments. People cases with Dde I polymorphic site are supposed to produce 369 bp long fragment. Results: It has been found that seven (14 X chromosomes) out of forty individuals showed Hha I polymorphism. However, none of the experimental People cases showed the Dde I polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS: By the analysis of 80 chromosomes, the PICs calculated from allele frequency of Hha I-RFLP (0.175/0.825) and that of Dde I-RFLP (0.0/1.0) were 0.289=[1-(0.1752+0.8252)] and 0=[1-(02+12)], respectively. From these results, it can be postulated that Hha I and Dde I polymorphisms of the Factor IX gene in Korean exhibited different patterns from those of Caucasian.
Blood Coagulation Factors* ; Blood Coagulation* ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene ; DNA ; Factor IX* ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, vif* ; Hemophilia B ; Humans ; Introns ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length*

OBJECTIVE: We inversigated Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) gene mutation in Korean Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) patients. SHP protein regulates the activity of nuclear receptors which regulate the cellular development and differentiation. Recently, the mutation of SHP gene was found in the obesity and diabetes patients in Japanese group, and suggested that its mutation may involved in pathogenic mechanism of PCOS. METHODS: This study was performed in 20 PCOS patients and 20 normal women. The DNAs were extracted from the peripheral bloods, and amplified at each exon (1 and 2) of SHP gene by PCR method. Subsequently, each PCR product was digested with the restriction enzyme indicated below for studying restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). After enzyme digestion, the results of RFLP were compared PCOS patients with control women to find any sequence variation. RESULTS: We examined 9 regions of exon 1 with Msp I, Pvu II, Dde I and 3 regions of exon 2 with Pst I, Dde I. There is no heterozygous or homozygous mutation in patients and control women at these restriction sites. CONCLUSION: The genetic analysis at our restriction sites in the SHP gene did not show any genetic variation in Korean PCOS patients. Our PCR-RFLP analysis was not covered the entire SHP gene (68 bp/ 1,006 bp), we need to further analysis of the entire SHP gene.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene ; Digestion ; DNA ; Exons ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Korea* ; Obesity ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in causing the precocious puberty.

METHODSThe blood samples were collected from 79 cases of precocious puberty patients and 42 cases of normal children. The concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2, bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p, p'-DDE) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in blood serum samples were measured by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The volume of uterus and ovary, the bone density, and the content of estradiol (E(2)) in serum were determined at the same time. The contents of EEDs in blood serums of precocious puberty and the indices of the target organs were analyzed by using of correlation and regression.

RESULTSIn normal control group, p, p'-DDE was detected in all the blood samples (14.93 - 40.39 ng/ml), but 4-NP and DEHP were detected in some samples (ND -6.77 ng/ml, ND -17.61 ng/ml). The levels of 4-NP, p, p'-DDE and DEHP in blood serum in precocious puberty group were notably increased than that in control group (P < 0.01). In precocious puberty group, there was a positive correlations between the 4-NP in volume of uterus and the volume of ovary and the density of bone (r = 0.394, 0.286, 0.237, P < 0.01); p, p'-DDE and volume of uterus also showed a the positive correlation (r = 0.306, P < 0.01). The influencing extent of 4-NP was 1.3 times to that of the p, p'-DDE.

CONCLUSIONThe normal children and the children with precocious puberty should be all contaminated by EEDs, and the later be exposured to more EEDs. There might exist a close relationship between EEDs and the precocious puberty, and EEDs should be an important factor in causing the disease. Different kinds of EEDs might have different influencing extents to the target organs.

Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene ; blood ; Endocrine Disruptors ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls ; blood ; Puberty, Precocious ; blood

OBJECTIVES: This study was purposed to determine the levels of PCBs and DDE in adipose tissue and serum and to evaluate the relations with factors affecting these levels. METHODS: We analyzed adipose tissues and sera from 52 gynecologic benign disease patients aged 27-78 years, except hormonal diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis. We also surveyed age, education, occupation, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, number of children, and duration of breastfeeding by questionnaires. Tissue and serum levels of PCBs and DDE were measured using gas chromatography. RESULTS: The median and geometric mean levels of PCBs were 48. 29 ng/g, 56. 78 ng/g for adipose tissue and 4. 67 uc/L, 4. 85 m/L for serum, and those of DDE were 142.89 ng/g, 117.06 ng/g for adipose tissue and l. 75 m/L, 2.09 ua/L for serum, respectively. Adipose tissue and serum levels for DDE showed high correlation (r=0. 310, p=0. 0002), but those of PCBs didn' t (r=0.029, p=0.2582). In analyses of the differences of the means of log transformed adipose tissue and serum PCBs and DDE levels for groups of potential covariates, only adipose tissue DDE levels were significantly associated with number of children (p=0.015), age at first birth (p=0.014) and BMI (p=0.035). In multiple regression analysis, adipose tissue DDE levels were significantly increased with decreasing number of children and increasing age at first birth. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that parity and adiposity were associated with levels of DDE in adipose tissue, and adipose tissue is a better biomarker than serum for evaluating the long-term exposure of organochlorines.
Adipose Tissue* ; Adiposity ; Birth Order ; Body Mass Index ; Breast Feeding ; Breast Neoplasms ; Child ; Chromatography, Gas ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene* ; Drinking ; Education ; Endometriosis ; Female ; Humans ; Occupations ; Parity ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls* ; Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking

OBJECTIVETo explore effects of p, p'DDE on the expression of androgen binding protein (ABP), transferrin (Tf) and inhibin B (INH B) mRNA in testis Sertoli cells of Sprague Dawley rats.

METHODSA method has been set up to obtain a large number of viable Sertoli cells from SD rats of 18-20 days of age. With a series of concentration p,p'-DDE (10, 30, and 50 micromol/L) co-incubating the Sertoli cells in vitro, the expression of ABP, Tf and INH B mRNA were determined by RT-PCR.

RESULTSa) With increase of the incubated p, p'-DDE, the expression of ABP mRNA in Sertoli cells went up while that of Tf and INH B dropped in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05). b) The correlation analysis among ABP, Tf and INH B showed that negative relationships were found between ABP and Tf or INH B, respectively (r = - 0. 391 3, P = 0. 032 5; r = - 0.235 2, P = 0.0158), and that positive correlation was indicated between Tf and INH B (r =0.4516, P =0.0047).

CONCLUSIONp,p'-DDE is a reproductive toxicant which disrupts the transcription of ABP, Tf and INH B in rat Sertoli cells so as to result in reproductive dysfunction.

Androgen-Binding Protein ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Animals ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene ; toxicity ; Inhibins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sertoli Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Transferrin ; biosynthesis ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the potential effect of gene-environment interaction between CYP1A1 and serum dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDT) levels on the risk of breast cancer in women, in China.

METHODSA case-control study was conducted. From Dec. 2003 to Sep. 2004, 104 women with histologically confirmed breast cancers and 154 noncancerous controls from a community were enrolled in this study. Risk factors information of breast cancer was investigated by a questionnaire. Serum p, p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) and 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p, p'-DDE) levels were tested by GC-ECD. CYP1A1 m2 gene type was tested by allele special-PCR method.

RESULTSSerum DDT levels of case and control were (36.90 +/- 79.41) ng/ml and (50.60 +/- 150.70) ng/ml respectively. Serum 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p, p'-DDE) levels of case and control were (7.43 +/- 11.10) ng/ml and (8.96 +/- 11.30) ng/ml respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups with geometric mean t-test (P > 0.05). Compared with women who had homozygous wild-type CYP1A1 m2 genotype, significantly increased risks of breast cancer were found for women with the CYP1A1 m2 homozygous variant genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 2.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00 - 6.80]. Among premenopausal women, compared with women with homozygous wild-type of CYP1A1 genotype (Ile/Ile) and low serum DDT level (DDT serum level < or = 42.93 ng/ml), women with at least one variant allele of CYP1A1 m2 genotype and high serum DDT level (DDT serum level > or = 42.93 ng/ml) had higher risk of breast cancer (OR = 4.35, 95% CI: 1.140 - 16.950).

CONCLUSIONSCYP1A1 m2 genetic polymorphism was associated with increased risk of female breast cancer while DDT exposure might have increased the risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women with CYP1A1 m2 variant genotype.

Breast Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; etiology ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; genetics ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene ; blood ; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane ; blood ; Environmental Exposure ; adverse effects ; Female ; Genotype ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Insecticides ; blood ; Odds Ratio ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Premenopause ; Risk Factors