BACKGROUND: There have been no reports to evaluate the usefulness of combination therapy with glycopeptide and arbekacin in endocarditis by in vivo model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the efficacy of the arbekacin and teicoplanin combination on glycopeptide intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (GISA) in rabbit model of endocardits. GISA Mu50 strain was used for the experiment. The rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis as described previously was used. Treatment was started 20h later inoculation with teicoplanin alone (at 20 mg/kg of body weight intramuscularly every 12 hours for 4 days after loading dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight intramuscularly), arbekacin alone (5 mg/kg of body weight intramuscularly every 12h for 4 days), or teicoplanin plus arbekacin. The results of therapy for experimental endocarditis due to Mu50 showed that teicoplanin and arbekacin combination was more effective than the administration of both drugs alone in reducing the log10CFU/g of aortic vegetation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of teicoplanin and arbekacin was more effective against GISA (Mu50) than both drugs alone in vivo endocarditis model.
Aortic Valve ; Body Weight ; Dibekacin ; Endocarditis ; Sprains and Strains ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Teicoplanin

BACKGROUND: There have been no reports to evaluate the usefulness of combination therapy with glycopeptide and arbekacin in endocarditis by in vivo model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the efficacy of the arbekacin and teicoplanin combination on glycopeptide intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (GISA) in rabbit model of endocardits. GISA Mu50 strain was used for the experiment. The rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis as described previously was used. Treatment was started 20h later inoculation with teicoplanin alone (at 20 mg/kg of body weight intramuscularly every 12 hours for 4 days after loading dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight intramuscularly), arbekacin alone (5 mg/kg of body weight intramuscularly every 12h for 4 days), or teicoplanin plus arbekacin. The results of therapy for experimental endocarditis due to Mu50 showed that teicoplanin and arbekacin combination was more effective than the administration of both drugs alone in reducing the log10CFU/g of aortic vegetation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of teicoplanin and arbekacin was more effective against GISA (Mu50) than both drugs alone in vivo endocarditis model.
Aortic Valve ; Body Weight ; Dibekacin ; Endocarditis ; Sprains and Strains ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Teicoplanin

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections, and use of vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA infection has increased. Unfortunately, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus have been reported, as well as vancomycin-resistant S. aureus. Arbekacin is an antibacterial agent and belongs to the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. It was introduced to treat MRSA infection. We studied the clinical and bacteriological efficacy and safety of arbekacin compared to vancomycin in the treatment of infections caused by MRSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control study of patients who were admitted to tertiary Hospital from January 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2010, and received the antibiotics arbekacin or vancomycin. All the skin and soft tissue MRSA infected patients who received arbekacin or vancomycin were enrolled during the study period. The bacteriological efficacy response (BER) was classified with improved and failure. The improved BER was defined as no growth of MRSA, where failure was defined as growth of MRSA, culture at the end of therapy or during treatment. Clinical efficacy response (CER) was classified as improved and failure. Improved CER was defined as resolution or reduction of the majority of signs and symptoms related to the original infection. Failure was defined as no resolution and no reduction of majority of the signs and symptoms, or worsening of one or more signs and symptoms, or new symptoms or signs associated with the original infection or a new infection. RESULTS: Totally, 122 patients (63/99 in arbekacin, 59/168 in vancomycin group) with skin and soft tissue infection who recieved arbekacin or vancomcyin at least 4 days were enrolled and analysed. The bacteriological efficacy response [improved, arbekacin vs vancomycin; 73.0% (46/63), 95% confidence interval (CI) 60.3 to 83.4% vs 83.1% (49/59), 95% CI 71.0 to 91.6%] and clinical efficacy response [improved, arbekacin vs vancomycin; 67.2% (41/61), 95% CI 52.0 to 76.7% vs 78.0% (46/59), 95% CI 65.3 to 87.7%] were similar between the two groups (P=0.264, 0.265). The complication rate was significantly higher in the vancomycin group [29/59(49.2%), 95% CI 35.9 to 62.5%] than arbekacin [10/63(15.9%), 95% CI 8.4 to 29.0%] (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Arbekacin could be considered as an alternative antibiotics for vancomycin in skin and soft tissue infection with MRSA. However, further prospective randomized trials are needed to confirm this finding.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Case-Control Studies ; Cross Infection ; Dibekacin ; Enterococcus ; Humans ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Soft Tissue Infections ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Vancomycin

BACKGROUND: In the present study, the resistance mechanisms against carbapenems and aminoglycosides for 23 strains of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated at a university hospital were investigated. METHODS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined via broth microdilution or Etest. The genes encoding OXA-type carbapenemases and 16S rRNA methylase were identified using multiplex PCR, and the amplified products were sequenced. Conjugation experiments were conducted, and an epidemiologic study was performed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. RESULTS: In the isolates, the MICs of the tested aminoglycosides, including arbekacin, were >1024 microg/mL; the MICs of aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin ranged from 64 to 128 microg/mL; and the MICs of carbapenem ranged from 32 to 64 microg/mL, as determined through the broth microdilution test. According to the E-test, the MICs of ampicillin/sulbactam and colistin were 8 and 0.25 to 0.38 microg/mL, respectively. Sequence analysis confirmed that all of the isolates expressed carbapenemases OXA-23 and OXA-66, as well as armA 16S rRNA methylase. In addition, ISAba1 was identified upstream of the gene encoding OXA-23. OXA-23 and armA were not transferred to Escherichia coli J53 cells in the transconjugation experiments. ERIC-PCR molecular fingerprinting produced a single pattern in all cases. CONCLUSION: The co-production of OXA-23 and armA 16S rRNA methylase may be attributed to the multidrug resistance of the A. baumannii isolates in the present study. Stricter surveillance and more rapid detection are necessary to prevent the spread of this type of resistance in the future.
Acinetobacter ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; Aminoglycosides ; Aztreonam ; Carbapenems ; Ceftazidime ; Cephalosporins ; Ciprofloxacin ; Colistin ; Consensus ; Dermatoglyphics ; Dibekacin ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Escherichia coli ; Methyltransferases ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Republic of Korea ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Sequence Analysis

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and some gram-negative bacilli are very prevalent nosocomial pathogens, commonly causing mixed infections, and are often resistant to multiple drugs. Arbekacin is an aminoglycoside used for the treatment of MRSA infections, but is also active against some gram-negative bacilli. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro activity of arbekacin against recent clinical isolates of staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli. Materials and METHODS: The strains were isolated from clinical specimens of patients at Severance Hospital in 2003. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute agar dilution method. The following arbekacin breakpoints were used: susceptible, < or =4 microgram/mL; and resistant, > or =16 microgram/mL . RESULTS: All isolates of staphylococci tested were inhibited by < or =4 microgram/mL of arbekacin, regardless of their methicillin susceptibility. The MIC90s of arbekacin, 1-4 microgram/mL, were 8->32-fold and >32-128-fold lower than those of amikacin and gentamicin, respectively. The resistance rates of MRSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and methicillin-susceptible CNS were 0% to arbekacin, 0-54% to amikacin, and 24-79% to gentamicin. The MIC90s of arbekacin for Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii, 1 microgram/mL and 16 microgram/mL, were 2-4-fold and 8-16-fold lower than those of amikacin and gentamicin, respectively. However, The MIC90s of arbekacin for other species of gram-negative bacilli, 64->128 microgram/mL, were similar to those of other aminoglycosides. CONCLUSIONS: Arbekacin may be a useful alternative to glycopeptides for the treatment of monomicrobial methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections, as well as mixed infections with gram-negative bacilli, as most isolates of E. coli, C. freundii and some other gram-negative bacilli were also susceptible to arbekacin.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Dibekacin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Methicillin Resistance ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/isolation & purification

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and some gram-negative bacilli are very prevalent nosocomial pathogens, commonly causing mixed infections, and are often resistant to multiple drugs. Arbekacin is an aminoglycoside used for the treatment of MRSA infections, but is also active against some gram-negative bacilli. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro activity of arbekacin against recent clinical isolates of staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli. Materials and METHODS: The strains were isolated from clinical specimens of patients at Severance Hospital in 2003. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute agar dilution method. The following arbekacin breakpoints were used: susceptible, < or =4 microgram/mL; and resistant, > or =16 microgram/mL . RESULTS: All isolates of staphylococci tested were inhibited by < or =4 microgram/mL of arbekacin, regardless of their methicillin susceptibility. The MIC90s of arbekacin, 1-4 microgram/mL, were 8->32-fold and >32-128-fold lower than those of amikacin and gentamicin, respectively. The resistance rates of MRSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and methicillin-susceptible CNS were 0% to arbekacin, 0-54% to amikacin, and 24-79% to gentamicin. The MIC90s of arbekacin for Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii, 1 microgram/mL and 16 microgram/mL, were 2-4-fold and 8-16-fold lower than those of amikacin and gentamicin, respectively. However, The MIC90s of arbekacin for other species of gram-negative bacilli, 64->128 microgram/mL, were similar to those of other aminoglycosides. CONCLUSIONS: Arbekacin may be a useful alternative to glycopeptides for the treatment of monomicrobial methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections, as well as mixed infections with gram-negative bacilli, as most isolates of E. coli, C. freundii and some other gram-negative bacilli were also susceptible to arbekacin.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Dibekacin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Methicillin Resistance ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/isolation & purification

BACKGROUND: Impetigo is a common bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus or both. Recently, S. aureus has been reported as the most frequently isolated pathogen of impetigo and the incidence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among patients with impetigo has increased. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predominant microorganism and the antibiotic susceptibility of the impetigo causative pathogen. METHODS: Bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed in patients with impetigo from June 2006 to May 2012. RESULTS: Of 164 patients, bacteria were cultured from 139 patients. Among them, S. aureus was isolated from 114 (82%) patients. The others were Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobactercloacae, Enterococcus species, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Candida albicans. The resistance rates of S. aureus against antibiotics were as follows: penicillin, 95.6%; erythromycin, 43.9%; fusidicacid, 38.1%; clindamycin, 24.5%; gentamycin, 21%; tetracycline, 12.3%; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 0.9%; ciprofloxacin, 0%; habekacin, 0%; linezolid, 0%; teicoplanin, 0%; and vancomycin, 0%. Thirty-four (29.8%) S. aureus isolates were MRSA, and the prevalence of MRSA increased during the 6-year period. CONCLUSION: The most predominant pathogen in impetigo was S. aureus, which was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, habekacin, linezolid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. An increase in the prevalence of MRSA was observed during the 6-year period, and the effective antibiotics for MRSA were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin and vancomycin.
Acetamides ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Infections ; Candida albicans ; Ciprofloxacin ; Clindamycin ; Dibekacin ; Enterococcus ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Enterococcus faecium ; Erythromycin ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Impetigo ; Incidence ; Klebsiella oxytoca ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Oxazolidinones ; Penicillins ; Prevalence ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus ; Teicoplanin ; Tetracycline ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination ; Vancomycin ; Linezolid

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of ear infections. We attempted to evaluate the clinical usefulness of arbekacin in treating chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) by comparing its clinical efficacy and toxicity with those of vancomycin. Efficacy was classified according to bacterial elimination or bacteriologic failure and improved or failed clinical efficacy response. Ninety-five subjects were diagnosed with CSOM caused by MRSA. Twenty of these subjects were treated with arbekacin, and 36 with vancomycin. The bacteriological efficacy (bacterial elimination, arbekacin vs. vancomycin: 85.0% vs. 97.2%) and improved clinical efficacy (arbekacin vs. vancomycin; 90.0% vs. 97.2%) were not different between the two groups. However, the rate of complications was higher in the vancomycin group (33.3%) than in the arbekacin group (5.0%) (P=0.020). In addition, a total of 12 adverse reactions were observed in the vancomycin group; two for hepatotoxicity, one for nephrotoxicity, eight for leukopenia, two for skin rash, and one for drug fever. It is suggested that arbekacin be a good alternative drug to vancomycin in treatment of CSOM caused by MRSA.
Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Chronic Disease ; Dibekacin/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects ; Middle Aged ; Otitis Media, Suppurative/diagnosis/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Treatment Outcome ; Vancomycin/*administration & dosage ; Young Adult

This study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro activities of arbekacin-based combination regimens against vancomycin hetero-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hetero-VISA). Combinations of arbekacin with vancomycin, rifampin, ampicillin-sulbactam, teicoplanin, or quinipristin-dalfopristin against seven hetero-VISA strains and two methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were evaluated by the time-kill assay. The combinations of arbekacin with vancomycin, teicoplanin, or ampicillinsulbactam showed the synergistic interaction against hetero-VISA strains. Data suggest that these arbekacin-based combination regimens may be useful candidates for treatment options of hetero-VISA infections.
Virginiamycin/administration & dosage ; Vancomycin/*administration & dosage ; Teicoplanin/administration & dosage ; Sulbactam/administration & dosage ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Methicillin Resistance ; Humans ; Drug Synergism ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Dibekacin/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage ; Ampicillin/administration & dosage ; Aminoglycosides/*administration & dosage