The author observed the effects of an intravenous drip of ketamine hydrochloride to 60 patients with in high surgical risk who had undergone abdominal surgery at Pusan National University Hospital from March, 1981 to February, 1982. The results obtained were follows. 1) Average duration of anesthesia was 148 minutes and the rate of intravenous drip of ketamine was ranged from 0.017 to 0.02mg/kg/min. Total dose of ketamine was 264.2mg on and average. 2) Significant increase in blood pressure and heart rate was observed in the ketamine drip group during the operation (p<0.05). 3) Changes in values of arterial blood gas analysis during ketamine drip were within normal limits. 4) Duration from anesthesis to awakening in recovery room was longer in ketamine drip group than thiopental-halothane group. 5) Psychotomimetic symptoms after ketamin administration included convulsions, discomfort, and hallucinations etc. and diazepam premedcation could not completely relieve the above symptoms. 6) Relief of postoperative incisiional pain was excellent in ketamine drip group.
Anesthesia ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Busan ; Diazepam ; Hallucinations ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous* ; Ketamine* ; Recovery Room ; Seizures

In forensic toxicology analysis, various types of biological samples have their own special characteristics and scope of applications. In this article, the physiological structure of nails, methods for collecting and pre-processing samples, and for analyzing some poisons and drugs in the nails are reviewed with details. This paper introduces the influence factors of drug abuse of the nails. The prospects of its further applications are concluded based on the research results. Nails, as an unconventional bio-sample without general application, show great potential and advantages in forensic toxicology.
Alprazolam/analysis* ; Azabicyclo Compounds/analysis* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Cocaine/analysis* ; Diazepam/analysis* ; Eszopiclone ; Forensic Toxicology/methods* ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Hair/chemistry* ; Humans ; Illicit Drugs/analysis* ; Nails/physiology* ; Piperazines/analysis* ; Specimen Handling/methods* ; Substance Abuse Detection/methods*

OBJECTIVETo research the content changes of excitatory neurotransmitter and inhibitory neurotransmitter in corpus striatum of rats after single-used borneol and combining it with diazepam in hope of comprehending the activity of borneol on central nervous system and to observe whether borneol could increase the penetration of other drugs into the brain.

METHODThe content of four amino acids neurotransmitters in corpus striatum of rats were sampled by brain microdialysis technology at different time after administration and were determined by RP-HPLC which involved pre-column derivation with orthophthaladehyde (OPA), using phosphate gradient elution and fluorescence detection to detect the content of excitatory neurotransmitter aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu) and inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine (Gly), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in standards and samples and carry on statistical analysis.

RESULTThe content of both Gly and GABA in corpus striatum of rats with borneol increased significantly, compared with diazepam group (P < 0.05), while Asp and Glu showed no significant difference.

CONCLUSIONBorneol can improve permeability of diazepam through BBB.

Animals ; Aspartic Acid ; analysis ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Bornanes ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Diazepam ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; analysis ; Glycine ; analysis ; Male ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; analysis

Midazolam, an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative, is utilized as a premedicant, sedative and anesthetic induction agent. Cnmpared to diazepam, midazolam is characterized by better solubility in water, better venous tolerance and a more rapid onset of action. Though the onset of pharmacological action of midazolam takes longer than thiopental, midazolam exerts more gradual effects on circula- tion than thiopental. Because it maintains hemodynamic stability and induces amesthesia smoothly, madazolam is a potential alternative as an induction agent in high-risk patients. To evaluate the safe margin of i. v. midazolam and to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide retention by midazolam, 32 cardiac patients were divided into 4 groups: Group I, midazolam 0.2 mg/ kg with spontaneous respiration: Group II, midazolam 0.2 mg/kg with assist respiration: Group III, midazolam 0.4 mg/kg with assist respiration: Group IV, midazolam 0.4 mg/kg with spontaneons respiration. In each group, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output and arterial blood gas analysis were checked before and 2,4 and 6 minutes after i. v. injection of midazolam. Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly after injection of midazolam in all four groups. Diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in group II and IlI. Systolic blood pressure was lower in group III than II 4 and 6 minutes following midazolam administration. The elevation of arterial carbon dioxide tension in group I and IV did not cause any changes in cardiovascular variables. The time from the end of injection of midazolam to spontanous closing of eyes and the time from the end of injection to disappearance of eyelash reflex were measured. But there were no significant differen-ces between all four groups. .On the basis of these data, we could conclude that in unpremedicated patients for open heart surgery midazolam alone allows rapid and smooth induction. In case of using the dose of 0.4 mg/kg, care must be taken in the decrease of systolic blood pressure.
Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Carbon Dioxide ; Cardiac Output ; Diazepam ; Heart Rate ; Heart* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Midazolam* ; Reflex ; Respiration ; Respiratory Rate ; Solubility ; Thiopental ; Thoracic Surgery*

An increasing interest in intravenous anesthetic techniques has resulted from the availability of more efficacious intravenous agents, possible discomfor of the patient on endotracheal intubation and the concern over anesthetic pollution in the operating room. This study was done to investigate the effect of intravenous anesthesia with ketamine on the respiratory system by comparing arterial blood gas analysis before and after the procedure. Analysis of arterial blood for PCO2, PO2, pH, and excess were carried out. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored on 15 patients in ASA class l for diagnostic or short procedures. Each patient was premedicated with atropine 0.01mg/kg and valium 0.2mg/kg intramuscularly 30 minutes before the procedure. ketamine was administered intravenously 1.0~1.5 mg/kg or intramuscularly 3~5mg/kg for induction of anesthesia. The anesthesia was maintained with ketamine 0.5~1.0mg/kg and valium 0.1mg/kg ever 5 to 10 minutes. The results of this study showed that ketmine anesthesia seemed not to cause any untoward effect on respiratory function. In other words, ketamine seems to be a safe and good intravenous anesthetic agent for diagnostic or short surgical procedures.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Intravenous* ; Atropine ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Diazepam ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Ketamine* ; Operating Rooms ; Respiratory System

A 27 year-old male patient, who had cervical tracheal stenosis due to accidental inhalation of zinc dichloride gas, underwent tracheal reconstruction (tracheal resection and end to end anastomosis). Preoperatively, a special radiologic study (tracheography), pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas analysis were performed for accurate diagnosis (to determine the location, degree and extent of the stricture) and to detect any associated abnormalities in the lung-function. Atropine and diazepam were given for premedication. After intramuscular injection of ketamine and succinylcholine, orotracheal intubation was done above the lesion, and N2O and halothane were added for maintenance of anesthesia. Respiration was assisted or controlled when necessary with gallamine. The lesion was approached through an anterior transverse cervical incision. The trachea. was dissected clear and transected distal to the lesion. The distal tracheal segment was then intubated through the operating field with a sterile cuffed endotracheal tube (the 2nd tube). This was connected to the anesthetic machine. After resection of the lesion and anastomosis. of the posterior tracheal wall, the 2nd tube was removed and orotracheal tube was pushed into the distal trachea. After complete anastomosis the orotracheal tube was placed above the suture line.Continuous arterial blood gas analysis during and after anesthesia was helpful for evaluation of the state of arterial blood oxygenation and ventilation.
Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Atropine ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Diagnosis ; Diazepam ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Halothane ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Intubation ; Ketamine ; Male ; Oxygen ; Premedication ; Respiration ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Succinylcholine ; Sutures ; Trachea ; Tracheal Stenosis ; Ventilation ; Zinc