Objective To analyze the incidence and the risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among the multiple and single gestations births.Methods A prospective control study was applied to the research.The preterm infants were selected that from September 2013 to December 2015 in neonatology department of our hospital.They were divided into multiple gestations group (52 cases) and single birth infants group (600 cases).RetCam Ⅲl retina camera and binocular indirect ophthalmoscope video were used to screening the ocular fundus.The cure rate of the two groups was compared with chi-square test.Results The incidence of ROP in multiple gestations group (32.69％) was higher than single birth infants group (20.83％) (P =0.047).There was significant difference about the multiple and single gestations births in ≤ 30 weeks (P =0.040),and there was no statistically significant difference in ＞ 30 weeks (all P ＞0.05).With the increase of birth weight,the ROP detection rate of two groupa was reduced.There was no statistically significant difference about different birth weight among the two groups (all P ＞ 0.05).The oxygen usage of ＞ 5 days ROP detection rate was higher than 5 days or less in the two groups (P =0.025,0.001).There was no significant difference in ROP detection rate between two groups with ≤5 d oxygen usage.There was significant difference about the multiple and single gestations births in oxygen usage of ＞ 5 days (P =0.020).Multivariate analysis found that multiple gestations and small gestational age were risk factors for ROP.Conclusion The smaller gestational age,the lower birth weight,and the longer oxygen therapy with the preterm infants,the higher the incidence of ROP.The number of different gestational is also the influences factors of ROP.Multiple gestations overall incidence of ROP is higher than the single birth infants.The smaller the gestational age and the longer oxygen usage,multiple gestations incidence of ROP is higher than single gestation in different births.However,there is no relationship in different birth weight among the multiple and single gestations.