BACKGROUND: Endogenous opioid peptide is an important medium and regulator that participate in many physical and pathologic processes of the body. Its relationship with fetal encephalopathy has attracted much attraction.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) in fetal distress.DESIGN: A case-control observatory study based on healthy pregnant women.SETTING: Wards of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-three healthy women who were hospitalised in Changzheng Hospital and Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA and met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 40 were normal healthy pregnant women(the control group) and 43 were healthy pregnant women with fetal distress(the fetal distress group).METHODS: Radioimmunoassay was used to measure the levels of blood EOP(β-endorphin, dynorphin A1- 13 and leu-enkephalin) of the venous blood of the pregnant women in fetal distress group and the control group and the EOP level in the umbilical blood of the newborns. Also, blood gas analysis of the blood from the umbilical artery was conducted.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The levels of EOP in the venous blood of two groups of pregnant women and the umbilical blood of newborns and the correlation of EOP level with fetal distress.RESULTS: The levels of the umbilical artery blood EOP(β-endorphin,dynorphin A1-13 and leu-enkephalin) in the fetal distress group[(453± 68 ) ng/L, (242 ± 33)ng/L, and(498 ± 68)ng/L respectively] were significantly higher than those in the control group[ (251 ± 39) ng/L, (103± 22 )ng / L and(322 ± 40 )ng / L respectively ( t = 2. 713,2. 762, P＜ 0.01; t = 2. 132, P ＜ 0.05 ) ]. The umbilical artery blood gas analysis;pH was (7.0 ± 0. 1 ) , PO2 was ( 1.7 ± 0.6) kPa, PCO2 was (8.9 ± 0. 7) kPa.The levels of β-endorphin were negatively correlated with pH and PO2 of the umbilical artery blood(r= -0.418 and -0.437, P ＜ 0.01), but they were positively correlated with PCO2( r = 0. 442, P ＜ 0. 05) . The level of dynorphin A1-13 was negatively correlated with pH and PO2( r = -0. 337,-0.383, P ＜ 0.05), but it was positively correlated with PCO2(r= 0. 346, P ＜ 0. 05). There was no significant difference among the three kinds of blood EOP of the two groups( P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: EOP participates in the pathological progress of the fetal distress and was closely correlated with the occurrence and development of the fetal distress. This finding has a reference value for early rehabilitation and intervention after the fetal was born that can be tested quantitatively.

Objective To provide theoretic base by studying the nature and characteristic of infrared ther- mograph in lower limbs area of the healthy young man.Methods Collecting infrared thermograph in lower limbs ar- ea by TIP medical infrared thermograpb instrument (TIP,made in USA) ,the average temperature of each unit area of both lower limbs was measured.Results (1) The average temperature of each corresponding unit area in both side of lower limbs was adjacent (P＜0.05 ).(2) The temperature of both lower limbs (especial front and back side) distributinged in some rule.Conclusion The study provided parameter and characteristic of infrared therrnograph for clinical diagnosis and guideline of rehabilitation therapy by infrared thermograph instrument.

Objective To provide an observational baseline by studying the nature and characteristics of in- frared thermograms of the spine area of the healthy young men.Methods Infrared thermograms of the spine area were collected using a TIP medical infrared thermograph.The average temperature of each unit area in the middle and on the two sides of the spine was measured.Results (1)Except certain unit areas in the cervical thorax and lum- bar sacral segments,the average temperature of each unit area in the middle of the spine was significantly higher than on the two sides.In the middle of the spine,the average temperature of the cervical thorax and lumbar sacral seg- ments was insignificantly higher than adjacent areas.The shape of the infrared thermograms of the cervical thorax and lumbar sacral segments resembled a triangle and a rhomboid,respectively.Conclusion The study provided para- meters and characteristics of infrared thermograms for clinical diagnosis and guidelines for rehabilitation therapy using an infrared thermograph.

Objective To refrain the medical costs from out-of-control increase, and identify a per-disease payment mode suitable for New-CMS.Methods Case studies were conducted on all the data of five diseases in the course of three years, in a field study of the pilot counties for NRCMS in Anhui Province.Results This system of per-disease "pay by segmentation and quota" is composed of five parts: choice of diseases, measurement of payment criteria, method of settlement, method of compensation, and methods of supervision.Conclusion This system is an effective way to keep the medical costs in the NRCMS under control, given an effective play of the five supportive measures including the clinical pathways for individual diseases.

Objective To investigate subacute exposure of airborne particulate matter (PM) on pregnancy and fetal development in female mice. Methods Forty female and forty male ICR adult mice group (A), small (B) , middle (C) , large (D) or overdose (E) PM challenge groups (n = 8 - 11), and were administered with 30 μl of phosphate buffered solution (A) or resuspended standard PM SRM 1649a at 0.09 (B), 0.52 (C), 1.85 (D) or 69.2 (E) μg/μl, once per trid from d 0 till d 19 of pregnancy via instillation onto the base of the tongue. Fetal mice were harvested by cesarean section at the time when spontaneous delivery occurred. Body weight of the pregnant mice, gestational days, intrauterine survival and growth, hepatic and pneumonic histopathological changes of the fetal mice were investigated. Lung/body and liver/body weight ratios were calculated. Expressions of mRNA and protein of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung and CYP1 A2 in the fetal liver were assayed. Results (1) All of the pregnant mice survived pregnancy throughout the entire experiment. Body weight of the pregnant mice was not significantly different among all the groups at gestational d 1 and 7 (P ＞ 0.05), but significantly lower in group E [(41.8 ± 5.8) and (48.9 ± 8.9) g] than in group A [(45.9 ± 1.8) and (56.2 ± 4.9) g] at gestational d 14 and 18 (P ＜0.05). The gestational days were significantly decreased in group E [(19.3 ± 1.3) d] when compared with group A [(20.5 ± 0.7) d; P ＜ 0.05] and were not significantly different among groups A, B, C and D (P ＞ 0.05). Lung/body and liver/body weight ratios of the fetal mice were significantly increased in group E [(1.21 ±0.18) and (4.68 ±0.21)%] as compared with groups A, B, C and D (P＜0.05). (2)Mortality rates of the fetuses were significantly higher in group E (23.0%) than in groups A (0.8%), B (0.9%), C (1.7%) and D (3.7%) (P ＜ 0.05), but were not significantly different among groups A,B, C and D (P ＞ 0.05) despite of an increasing tendency. (3) Pathological changes in the liver and lung of the fetuses were conspicuous in group E. The fetal liver injury was histopathologically evidenced by deranged tissue structure, degenerated parenchyma of hepatic cells, and mildly stained cytoplasm. Adipose degeneration was represented by clear-boundary intracytoplasmic vacuoles in most of the liver cells, and cell pyknosis with heavily stained cytoplasm was observed in some of the liver cells. Inflammatory cell infiltration and focal necrosis were occasionally found in the hepatic tissue. The fetal lung exhibited bronchiole with narrow lumina, vascular engorgement in the submucosal layer, interstitial and alveolar edema, thickened alveolar septum, granulocyte and lymphocyte infiltrations within the pulmonary alveoli and around the bronchioles. The above pathological changes were lesser in groups C and D, and were not or least found in groups A and B. (4) Protein expressions of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung and CYP1A2 in the fetal liver were significantly increased in group E (1.20 ± 0.40 and 2.55 ± 0.89) when compared with group A (0.77 ±0.36 and 2.08 ±0.31) (P ＜ 0.05). mRNA expressions of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung were significantly increased in groups C (0.36 ±0.12), D (0.41 ±0.08) and E (0.43 ±0.11) compared with group A (0.21 ±0.10), and significantly increased in groups D and E compared with group B (0.28 ±0.10,P＜0.05). mRNA expressions of CYP1 A2 in the fetal liver were significantly increased in groups C (0.37 ±0.13), D (0.36 ±0.14) and E (0.43 ±0.16) compared with group A (0.21 ±0.03), and significantly increased in group E compared with group B (0.24± 0.11, P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions PM elicited embryotoxigenicity and resulted in adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice by intrauterine exposure of overdose PM. The expressions of cancer-related genes CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 were up-regulated in organs after the middle- and large-dose subacute exposure of PM, which may have a potential role on the future development.

BACKGROUND: Endogenous opioid peptides are mainly mediated by μ receptor and produce inhibitory effect on breathing and heartbeat, and because of this, fetal distress happens and develops. Therefore, μ receptor mediation is the most important way that endogenous opioid peptides participate in the fetal distress and the pathological process of suffocation. Β-FNA (β-Funaltrexamine, μ-receptor antagonist) and ICI174864(δ-receptor antagonist) are helpful to reduce the happening of fetal distress.OBJECTIVE: To explore the roles of μ and δ receptors in the fetal distress based on the point of view that opioid peptides are involved.DESIGN: Completely randomized allocation and randomized and controlled trial using experimental animals as the subjects.MATERIALS: Twenty healthy white New Zealand purebred rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups, and among them 16 rabbits were pregnant for 30 days and were put to death with the method of suffocation. The fetal rabbits were taken out immediately after cesarean section, with 6 - 8 fetal rabbits in each den. The fetal rabbits were classified into the following groups: untreated fetal distress group, (fetal distress group, 29 fetal rabbits), normal saline rabbits group(Normal saline group, 25 rabbits), rabbit distress β-FNA group(β-Funaltrexamine ) (FNA group, 28 rabbits), fetal rabbits ICI174864 treatment group(ICI174864 group, 31 rabbits).INTERVENTIONS: Pregnant rabbits in the saline group, FNA group , ICI group were intravenously given a bolus of normal saline or the opiate antagonist β-FNA or ICI174864 and were then asphyxiated. Another 4 rabbits that were pregnant for 30 days were put to death with the cut on the neck, and 28 fetal rabbits were taken out as the control group. After being delivered by cesarean section, all rabbit fetuses in the above five groups were assessed by Apgar scoring for respiration, heartbeat, skin color, muscle tension, and response to stimulation at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes of age.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Apgar scoring for respiration, heartbeat,skin color, muscle tension, and response to stimulation at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes of age was made.RESULTS: The total Apgar score for respiration, heartbeat, skin color, muscle tension in the control group was the highest (8. 8 ± 1.1 ). And that of FNA group was 6. 8 ± 1.7, obviously higherthan that of the fetal distress group (2.1 ±1.0) and the saline-treated pups(2.5±1. 1) and(t=2.832 and 2. 795, P < 0.01 ). That of group ICI was 4.9 ± 0.7, markedly higher than that of the saline-treated pups and the fetal distress group( t = 2. 232 and 2. 195, P < 0.05) . There was no marked difference between the saline group and the distress group ( P > 0.05 ) and between the FNA group and the control group(P < 0.05) . The total Apgar scores of the ICI group,saline group, and distress group were significantly lower than that of the control group ( t = 2.913,2. 893, P < 0.01 and t = 2. 174, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Endogenous opioid peptides participates in the process of the happening and development of fetal rabbit distress that is mediated by opioid peptides receptor, the effect of μ receptor was much more than that of δ receptor. This study provides a basis for the evaluation of fetal distress and intervening at an earlier stage to enhance prognostic function.

Objective:To study the relationship among lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2 ) gene A379V and T403V locus polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility of coronary heart disease (CHD) .Methods:Lp‐PLA2 gene A379V and T403V locus polymorphisms of 160 coronary angiography confirmed CHD patients (CHD group ) and 117 healthy subjects (healthy control group ) were measured using gene sequencing technique .ELISA was used to measure blood lipids and plasma Lp‐PLA2 level in two groups ,and they were compared between two groups . Results:Compared with healthy control group ,there were significant rise in age ,male proportion ,plasma levels of hs‐cTnI ,hsCRP ,TC ,LDL‐C , Lp (a) ,WBC ,mononuclear cells (MNCs) and Lp‐PLA2 [ (119.98 ± 49.41) ng/ml vs .(248.59 ± 76.51) ng/ml] ,and significant reduction in HDL‐C level in CHD group ( P<0.01 all) .The CC , CT , TT genotype and C , T allele were de‐tected all in A379V and T403C locus of two groups .Compared with healthy control group ,there were significant rise in frequencies of CC genotype (1.7% vs .9.3% ) and C allele (13.7% vs .20.3% ) of Lp‐PLA2 gene T403C locus in CHD group , P< 0.05 both . All genotypes and alleles of A379V locus possessed no significant difference between CHD and healthy control group . Conclusion:Plasma Lp‐PLA2 level may be related to CHD risk .Lp‐PLA2 gene T403C locus poly‐morphism possesses certain relationship with genetic susceptibility of CHD .

AIMTo prepare solid lipid nanoparticles by microemulsion technique.

METHODSStearic acid was used as the oil phase, lecithin as surfactant, alcohol as cosurfactant and distilled water as the aqueous phase. Microemulsion was prepared by mixing the above component in proper ratio. The corresponding pseudoternary phase diagram monitored Microemulsion formation field of different lecithin/alcohol. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were prepared by dispersing warm microemulsion in cold water under magnetic stirring. Then appropriate microemulsions that can contain more water phase and suitable oil phase were selected to prepare SLN. The influence of formulation, process variables on the preparation and quality of SLN were studied. Based on the investigation of single factors, orthogonal design was used to optimize SLN formulation and preparation process, and more, the reproducibility of the optimized results were studied.

RESULTSThe results showed that the device temperature (Ti), water temperature (Tw), and delivery rate (Rd) were the key factors that influence the preparation process of SLN, and Tw was extremely important. The ratio of microemulsion formulation, the ratio of microemulsion and distilled water had also influence on its quality.

CONCLUSIONMicroemulsion technique can be used to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles.

Alcohols ; Drug Carriers ; Emulsions ; Lipids ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Nanotechnology ; Particle Size ; Phosphatidylcholines ; Solubility ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the resource and the quality of wild Corydalis yanhusuo distributed in China.

METHODDistribution was observed and samples of wild C. yanhusuo were collected and qualities were evaluated by determining six main alkaloids contained in the samples.

RESULTThe main distribution of wild Corydalis yanhusuo was in the hills around middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Its distributive areas were continuously decreasing. The alkaloids contents in the samples varied among different populations.

CONCLUSIONThe alkaloids contents in wild populations of C. yanhusuo are diverse. The main kinds of alkaloids in some wild populations are higher than cultivated ones, which are valuable for breeding. The wild C. yanhusuo propagate well, however they are endangered due to environment problem, and should be protected.

Aporphines ; analysis ; Berberine Alkaloids ; analysis ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Corydalis ; chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Pharmacognosy ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Rhizome ; chemistry

With the diversion rate of ginkgolide A, B, K as comprehensive evaluation indexes, the amount of activated carbon, ad- sorption time, mix rate, and adsorption temperature were selected as factors, orthogonal design which based on the evaluation method of information entropy was used to optimize activated carbon adsorption technology of ginkgo diterpene lactones meglumine injection. Opti- mized adsorption conditions were as follows: adsorbed 30 min with 0.2% activated carbon in 25 °C, 40 r ·min⁻¹, validation test re- sult display. The optimum extraction condition was stable and feasible, it will provide a basis for ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection' activated carbon adsorption process.
Adsorption ; Charcoal ; chemistry ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; instrumentation ; methods ; Diterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Lactones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification