This article provides an overview of the clinical evidence of interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Herbs involved in drug interactions – or that have been evaluated in pharmacokinetic trials – are discussed in this review. While many of the interactions reported are of limited clinical significance and many herbal products (echinacea, valerian) seem to expose patients to minor risk under conventional pharmacotherapy, a few herbs, notably St. John’s wort, may provoke adverse events sufficiently serious about endangering the patient’s health. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant for potential interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs, especially when drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are used. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) extracts are widely used as a safe alternative to conventional antidepressant drugs for mild to moderate forms of depressive disorders. St. John’s wort represents the herbal product that is most involved in herb-to drug interactions. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the clinical data regarding the E2 interactions between herbal remedies and prescribed drugs. For patients on prescription medications, the concomitant use of herbal medications can cause serious and adverse effects. It is the responsibility of health professionals to be well informed about the clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions.

Introduction Gastric ulcer is one of the most common disorders considering the gastrointestinal tract, it affects 5% of the population around the world, so its prevention and management are considered very important challenges. Researchers have revealed several causes of gastric ulcer; these include an imbalance between aggressive and intrinsic defensive factors. Gastric ulcer is a very common gastrointestinal disease that may lead to dangerous complications and even death. The aggressive factors include non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs(NSAID),alcohol, psychological stress and Helicobacter pylori infection, cytoprotective intrinsic factors include mucosal blood flow, bicarbonate, mucus, cell renewal, growth factors, NO and prostaglandins, NSAID-induced gastric damage is known to be the most common and dangerous side-effect of these drugs and accounts for 25% of gastric ulcer cases.
Indomethacin (INDO) is considered to be the most common NSAID known to induce experimental gastric ulcer and has been documented to have a higher potential to cause gastric injury than other commonly used NSAIDs.
Most of the drugs which are used for wound healing are imported in Mongolia. It is required to develop drug formulation and increase local productions used for the treatment of wound healing. For the purpose of solving the above problems, we aimed to prepare new drug formulation from Cacalia hastata L. for the treatment. of wound healing. Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, member of the family Asteraceae. Cacalia hastata L. is widely used for the Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wound healing, gastric ulcer, poisoning fever, liver fever, bile fever, oral cavity, and gynecological diseases

Human ecogenetics is a broad area of research. It is prioritized in terms of necessity and, in general, is a branch of medicine that studies the unique characteristics of each individual's genetic makeup, adaptation, and response to mutagens.
Approximately 25,000 polymorphic systems are responsible for enzymes, receptors, and elements of human molecular biochemistry. Enzyme systems, transport systems, transport proteins, antigens, and so many variants of receptors cause each individual to respond differently to the effects of chemical metabolism, and physical, and biological factors. The unique characteristics of each individual are the study of human ecogenetics.
Today, elucidating the chemical and physical factors that affect the health of millions of people around the world, and recognizing the interaction between mutagens and the human body, has become the basic direction of scientific research on the one hand, and the main principle of personalized medicine on the other hand.
Ecogenetic research is widely used to solve many theoretical and practical problems. 5% of all newborns in the world are born with congenital malformations. About 30% of all newborn deaths are related to congenital malformations or genetic disorders. Various unfavorable factors of the human ecosystem affect human health, and as this effect is constantly increasing, eco-pathological studies in the field of medicine have been intensively conducted. In recent years scientists, the study of the biological basis of the environment and human interaction based on the integrated ecological-physiological method, including the ecological evaluation and importance of physical, social and technical factors, the study of their combined and separate effects, the structure of human ecogenetic links , the elucidation of individual response characteristics is in full swing.

Homework plays a crucial role in enhancing academic performance, in especially language acquisition. For medical students, English proficiency is essential for accessing global knowledge and succeeding in their field. This study aims to examine the relationship between English homework completion timing and academic performance among medical students. A total of 48 students (70% female, 30% male) from different proficiency levels (beginner to upper-intermediate) participated. Data were gathered through an online survey, including sections on homework timing, average exam scores, and reasons for homework timing. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate negative correlation (-0.267) between homework timing and academic performance, suggesting that students who delay homework completion tend to perform slightly lower. Results showed that most students prefer to complete homework the day before a class (54%), while others favor completing it 2-3 days later (40%), valuing retention over time. Students’ reasons for their timing choices varied, with 42% citing other coursework as a barrier to earlier completion. The findings underscore the importance of time management and self-regulation in optimizing homework habits to improve English proficiency and academic outcomes. This study provides insights for educators to guide medical students in developing effective homework strategies that enhance both language learning and academic performance.

Background: According to the theory of traditional medicine, there are 19 active veins that pierce down from the brain stem like a root, through which the lhung runs and performs the movement of the body. It is believed that the water veins or white veins exist in all four limbs and solid organs and play an important role in regulating the body's activities by lhung action, while in traditional medicine, the nervous system regulates the activities of all organ systems and ensures the unity of the body's activities and adapts to the external environment. It is considered as a system that creates conditions for the body to interact as a whole, and moxibustion is a treatment that provides beneficial therapeutic changes to the diseased organ through the arc of reflection. Purpose Purpose : Establishing importance of moxibustion treatment and coherence of moxibustion points and peripheral nerve fibers. Survey Methodology: Data collection method: 31 pairs of neurological terms from European and traditional medical books and texts, judge which organs to go to for innervation and the degree of branching of white veins and summarize the translated material Comparative method: To develop results by comparing the data collected from the literature and sources of traditional medicine and European medicine which are the main materials of this research Research results: The 13 inner and 6 outer veins from the white vein were filtered from traditional medical commentaries and compared with the peripheral nerve branches of the spinal cord medicine. Compared with nerve, nerve branches from the anterior horn of the spinal cord, including the shoulder, lumbar were compared with 6 fibers running outside, and from the nerve branches from the shoulder where N. medialis, N. radialis, and N. ulnaris nerves were located and branched. According to the comparison of jajid, and Radna veins, the N. femoralis nerve coming from the lumbar with internal branches of the Vugujin vein, and the N. sciaticus or sciatic nerve coming from the lumbar were compared depending on the location of the outer branches of the Vugujin nerve and the end of the branching.
Studied how the nerves branching out from the main 20 junctions located in the posterior confluence of moxibustion therapy, and in doing so, compared the spinal nerve and vegetative nerve branches that exit from the confluence separately and assigned their locations. It is considered the feature of forming a network and separating from it to go to the innervation organ. Conclusion The white veins have 13 inner veins, outer veins 6, and the inner veins are 4 lhung veins, 2 heart, 2 in the small intestine, the 4 tripa (tiba) veins are in the lungs, colon, liver, and gallbladder, and the 4 badkan veins are in the stomach, spleen, kidney, bladder veins connects with vesicle of regeneration. It is mentioned in the majority of texts that it will connect with also vesicle of regeneration, but there are differences in two sources saying that 2 veins of lhung 2 in large intestine, 1 vein of badkan connects with lungs, and the 13 branches of white veins correspond to the organs innervating the vagus nerve in the medical theory. The branch of the nerve that connects with the back points of moxibustion is connected with the branch of the nerve from the anterior horn of the spinal cord, the ganglion of the sympathetic nerve from the external horn and its branches. It is considered more important to consider the branching of nodes.

Background: USA implemented a national Biomonitoring program and as result found that 88% of the population is affected by secondhand smoking and then started a monitoring program to control smoking. In Mongolia, due to the capacity of the biomonitoring tests, only children’s lead level was determined. The study showed that blood lead level in children aged 0.5-14 years was 0.4-16.5 μg/dl in average. However, there is no reference level and therefore reference level from other countries are used. Objectives: To study the correlation between the environmental effect and toxic metal level in children’s’ blood Methods and materials: 103 children aged 0-5 years, consisting of 10 male and female children of each age. 6 kindergartens and 14 households were chosen for their internal air quality monitoring; measured the level of toxic metals and dust by cross-sectional study based on laboratory analysis. Results: 41.7% (44) are male and 58.3% (59) are female of the total participants. 16.5% (17) are 1 year old, 18.4 (19) are 2 years old, 23.3% (24) are 3 years old, 19.4% (20) are 4 years old, 22.3% (23) are 5 years old. The result showed the children’s’ blood level was 4.12±1.35 μg/dl. The lead level in the internal air of households close to steam boilers were measured and it was 0.000095 mg/m2. Conclusion 60.1% of the children had blood lead levels 3 times higher than the reference level. However, the lead level of internal air was lower than the reference level. No effect of Internal air quality on blood lead level was observed and weight and height were inversely correlated.

Background: Induction of labor is a procedure performed to prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The effects of birth control pills on babies are still controversial. Therefore, we conducted this study to compare the effects of oxytocin and misoprostol on fetal blood gas parameters. Aim: To compare the effects of misoprostol and oxytocin used in labor induction on umbilical cord blood parameters Materials and methods: We conducted this study among mothers who gave birth in the NICU, according to the inclusion criteria, a control group (n=30), misoprostol alone vaginally (n=30) and oxytocin drip alone (n= 30) and oxytocin with misoprostol group (n=30) 4 groups used 100 mothers were selected respectively. Umbilical artery blood was sampled and umbilical artery blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, and VE (blood base excess) parameters were measured in the laboratory. The umbilical cord blood acid-alkaline parameters and lactate levels were analyzed and evaluated using COBAS C311 and COBAS B221 instruments. It was compared and determined using SPSS26 and EXCEL programs. Results: The average age of all mothers included in the study was 27.87±6.12, the average gestation period was 39.6±0.7 weeks, and the average weight of the newborn was 3466±323 gr. The average umbilical cord blood pH value was 7.34±0.04 in the control group, 7.25±0.07 in the oxytocin group, 7.27±0.04 in the misoprostol group, and 7.24±0.04 in the oxytocin and misoprostol group. And lactate valie was 5.8 in the control group, 7.5 in the oxytocin group, 9.87 in the misoprostol group, 8.7 in the combined group. Conclusions Compared to the group that did not use labor-inducing drugs, the mean pH of umbilical cord blood and lactate level were higher or statistically significant in the 3 groups that used labor-inducing drugs, indicating that birth-inducing drugs affect the umbilical cord blood parameters.

Objectives: Caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a very rare and dangerous form of pregnancy because of the increased risk of rupture and excessive hemorrhage. There is currently no consensus on the treatment. We studied if methotrexate (MTX) therapy followed by suction curettage followed by simple catheter was a viable treatment for patients with CSP. Study design: Forty patients with CSP in our hospital received a single dose MTX by intramuscular injection. If gestational cardiac activity was seen on transvaginal ultrasound After 3 days, vacuum curettage was performed to remove the retained products of conception and blood clot (CSP mass) under transabdominal sonography (TAS) guidance. After the suction curettage, a simple catheter balloon was placed into the isthmic portion of cervix. Results: The resolution time of the serum b-hCG was 20.62 5.41 (9–33) days. The time to CSP mass disappearance was 12.57 4.37 (8–25) days. Overall success of the primary treatment was recorded among 40 (37) 92.5% and significantly correlated with degree of vascularity, type of CSP, and beta hCG levels. Conclusions MTX administration followed by suction curettage followed by Foley tamponade was an effective treatment for caesarean scar pregnancy

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating disorder characterised by attacks within the spinal cord and optic nerve. The purpose of this review is to understand the evidence for the effectiveness of plasmapheresis as an add-on therapy for NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD). The current diagnostic criteria for NMO include optic neuritis, acute myelitis, and at least two of the following three supportive criteria: contiguous spinal cord MRI lesions extending over ≥3 vertebral segments, brain MRI not meeting diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis, and NMO-seropositive status.⁵ Myelitis presents with paraparesis and sensory loss below the lesion, sphincter loss, dysaesthesia, and radicular pain.

Background: E-cigarettes were created in China in 2003 and smoke is produced by the transfer of liquids contained within e-cigarettes into proteins. The WHO has warned of the health effects of e-cigarettes and recommended limiting sales. Mongolia imported a total of 2047 e-cigarettes from 2019-2020 and 2.6 million e-cigarettes by 2021. That's because in the school environment, retail outlets are trading in e-cigarettes. Objective: Study of pupil and student knowledge of e-cigarette use and its effects among pupils. Research Methods: In our study, we found 421 students representing 1304 high school students at 6 high schools in Esenbulag, Altai Province, with 12 years of training, The study was conducted by a closed questionnard of 38 students representing 161 students from MSUT, 151 students representing 962 students from 1st to 6th grade, and a total of 670 youth and students. The results of the study were developed with 24 SPSS applications. Results of the study: 71.8% of participants in the study are high school students in general education, 5.7% are MSUT students and 22.5% are MNUMS students. It found that 12.5% of students surveyed and 11.7% of teens said they smoked e-cigarettes, compared with 11% of teens and students who occasionally smoked e-cigarettes. 47-73% of teens and students who smoke began smoking starting in the 10th to 11th grade, with 21.3-45.5% of the factors affecting e-cigarette use attracting friends, 9.5-13.4% responded that they were household smokers, 6.2-18.1% said they were interested in making others look attractive, while 42.5-62.4% said they knew about the harmful effects of e-cigarettes and 46-51.7% were trying to stop e-cigarettes. A study of the source of information on the effects of e-cigarettes found that 40.8-47.9% of people get it from social networks and 14.1-20.4% from TV shows. Conclusions While the vast majority of students and students know about the effects of e-cigarettes, 56.6% of the participants in the overall study smoke e-cigarettes. Information about the harmful effects of e-cigarettes is being taken from social networks by the vast majority of teenagers and young people on campus. Friends have the highest percentage of exposure to e-cigarettes because of the many factors affecting e-cigarettes.