A measure of the microalbuminuria by the immunoturbidimetric, a semi- quantative method of microalbuminuria with Micral- test dipstick and renal biopsy were undertaken for evaluation of prevalence of microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus and the early predictive value of microalbuminuria for detecting diabetic nephropathy. The results of our study showed: prevalence of MAU was 33.3% and 31.6% in INDD and NINDD patients respectively. For semi-quantative method of microalbuminuria, when it was done two consecutive times, the sensitivity and the spectively. A close correlation between the severity of renal lesions and the MAU value was noticed when we compared the MAU thresholds> 20 mg/min with the results of renal involvement in diabetes. The Micral -test dipstick for semi-quantative of microalbuminuria could be used as an alternative method, if a measure of the MAU is not readily available
Diabetic Nephropathies ; diagnosis

Sixty diabetic cystopathy patients (symptomatic DCP, 4.9%) among 1236 patients of diabetes mellitus (DM) from May, 1995 to June, 1996 were analyzed to ascertain the usefulness of urodynamic study in the diagnosis of DCP. The mean age was 58 (24--80) years and mean duration of DM was 9 (1~30) years. 36 (60%) patients had diabetic neuropathy, 31 (52%) had diabetic retinopathy and 4 (7%) had diabetic nephropathy. DM was managed by insulin pump (DIABECARETM, 52%) and subcutaneous insulin injection (42%). In residual urine and voiding diaries, residual urine volume more than 40ml was 83%, voiding interval less than 2 or more than 5 hours was 67% and voiding amount less than 200ml or more than 400ml was 48%. According to urodynamic findings, patients were classified as detrusor areflexia (63%), impaired detrusor contractility (18%), detrusor instability (15%) and normal detrusor contraction (3%). There were no significant differences of age, semm-HbA1C, treatment method and duration of diabetes mellitus among above groups. Mean duration of DM in irritative symptom group (32%), combined symptom group (23%) and obstructive symptom group (45%) were 2 years, 8 years and 15 years respectively (p<0.001). The shape of the cystometrographic curve was not influenced by the rate of bladder filling (40ml/min versus 100ml/min). In conclusion, because DCP is marked by insidious onset and progression with minimal symptoms, DCP can be early diagnosed using urodynamic study especially in patients with voiding symptoms and 1ong.DM duration.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Insulin ; Urinary Bladder ; Urodynamics*

To assess the validity of urine albumin concentration (UAC) and the urine albumin:creatine ratio (UACR) in a random urine specimen (RUS) for screening diabetic nephropathy in Korea, a total of 105 ambulatory diabetes mellitus patients (male:female, 52:53), ages 40-75 years (median 59 years) collected 105 RUSs after completing a timed 24 hour urine collection. Albumin was measured by immunonephelometry. According to the timed urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) measured in the 24 hour collection (criterion standard), samples were classified normoalbuminuric (UAER < 20 micrograms/min; n = 50), microalbuminuric (UAER 20-200 micrograms/min; n = 30), and macroalbuminuric (UAER > 200 micrograms/min; n = 25). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of UAC and UACR in a RUS for screening of microalbuminuria (normo- and microalbuminuric samples; n = 80) and macroalbuminuria (micro- and macroalbuminuric samples; n = 55) were plotted. Pearson's coefficients of correlation of 24 hour UAER vs. UAC and UACR were 0.81 and 0.75, respectively (P < 0.001). The point of intersection with a 100%-to-100% diagonal for microalbuminuria were as follows: 31.0 mg/l for UAC and 32.5 mg/g for UACR; for macroalbuminuria 181 mg/l for UAC and 287.3 mg/g for UACR. The sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off points for microalbuminuria were 77% and 82% for UAC and 77% and 92% for UACR. The sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off points for macroalbuminuria were 84% and 90% for UAC and 88% and 90% for UACR. In present study, no difference was observed when comparing the performance of UAC and UACR based on a statistical comparison by McNemar test. The repeated measurements of UAC and UACR in the same individual were statistically similar and were correlated with each other. Based on these results, albumin measurements (UAC and UACR) in a RUS were considered as a valid test for screening diabetic nephropathy.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Albuminuria/diagnosis* ; Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis* ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age

Along with the development of clinical and pathological studies, and the wide spreading of the concepts or ideas of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), the clinical research of DKD has entered a new stage, which has brought new requirements for Chinese medicine treatment of DKD. It is necessary to carry out good design, have reasonable inclusion and exclusion criteria, select appropriate biomarkers capable of reflecting the pathophysiology of DKD, choose convincible hard endpoints capable of reflecting the prognosis of DKD, and conduct observations of enough long therapeutic course. This is the main trend of conducting clinical trials of DKD and scientifically assessing the efficacy of Chinese medicine treatment of DKD.
Diabetic Nephropathies ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; trends

ObjectiveDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) contain rich biological information which could be the ideal source for noninvasive biomarkers of DKD. This review discussed the potential early diagnostic and therapeutic values of proteins and microRNAs in uEVs in DKD.

Data SourcesThis review was based articles published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases up to November 20, 2017, with the following keywords: "Diabetic kidney disease", "Extracellular vesicle", and "Urine".

Study SelectionRelevant articles were carefully reviewed, with no exclusions applied to the study design and publication type.

ResultsThere is no "gold standard" technology to separate and/or purify uEVs. The uEVs contain a variety of proteins and RNAs and participate in the physiological and pathological processes of the kidney. UEVs, especially urinary exosomes, may be useful biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment to DKD. Furthermore, the uEVs has been used as a therapeutic target for DKD.

ConclusionProteins and nucleic acids in uEVs represent promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of DKD.

With worldwide epidemic of diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy which is one of the major causes of microvascular complication has become a serious concern in Korea as well as the rest of the world. In view of its significance, there is an urgent and paramount need for proper managements that could either deter or slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Despite advances in care, ever increasing number of patients suffering from diabetic kidney disease and from end-stage renal disease implies that the current management is not adequate in many aspects. The reasons for these inadequacies compromise lack of early diagnosis, failure to intervene with timely and aggressive manner, and lack of understanding on the kind of interventions required. Another issue equally important for the adequate care of patients with diabetic nephropathy is an understanding of past, present and future epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy which serves, especially in Korea, as a material determining standard diagnosis and treatment and a national health-policy decision.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Nephropathies* ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Epidemiology* ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Korea ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Renal Replacement Therapy

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM)is a demyelinating disorder that affects pons and is characterized by disturbance of consciousness, quadriparesis, and mutism and has been considered to have poor prognosis. It commonly occurs in patients with rapidly corrected hyponatremia. However, hypoglycemia induced CPM has been rarely reported. Diagnosis is confirmed by MR imaging. Here we report a case of CPM after severe hypoglycemia without any electrolyte disturbance in a patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Consciousness ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Diabetic Nephropathies* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia* ; Hyponatremia ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mutism ; Myelinolysis, Central Pontine* ; Pons ; Prognosis ; Quadriplegia

PURPOSE:Urine examination for microalbuminuria during the clinical silent years can help to identify those patients most likely to progress to overt nephropathy. The normalization of the AER(Albumin Excretion Rate) by alteration of glomerular hemodynamics may be the key to preventing or delaying overt nephropathy. The prognostic and therapeutic implications have led to attempts to identify patients with microalbuminuria as early as possible.Because diagnosis of microalbuminuria has required a 12 or 24 hour urine collection,there has been interested in developing tests that might serve as a first-stage screen for microalbuminuria. Most reports have dealt with the usefulness of either the albumin concentration or the albumin/creatinine ratio in a timed or randomly collected urine specimen. Exercise induced albumin excretion is increased compared to resting and could unmask latent glomerular damage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate diagostic significance of urinary albumin measurement after exercise in children with insulin dependent diabetes. METHODS:Fifty-seven patients with IDDM collected their overnight urine from 22:00 to 6:00 in following morning. Exercised method for urine examination was 100M running and collected 2 hour urine after exercise. The AER and Albumin/ creatinine ratio(ACR) were measured in the urine and compared with before and after exercise. RESULTS:Mean ages of diabetic children was 13.7 yrs old and duration of diabetes was 4.1+/-2.7yrs, HbA1c 8.6+/-1.9%,Systolic BP 107+/-10mmHg and Diastolic BP 67+/-8mmHg. The exercise induced AER was increased compared to before exercise(10.3+/-10.5 vs 18.1+/-16.0 mg/24hr). The exercise induced ACR also increased too(1.4+/-1.5 mg/g.Cr vs 4.1+/-3.6mg/g.Cr)(P<0.01). Two(3.5%) children with IDDM was positive for microalbuminuria in terms of AER before exercise and 8 children(14%) after exercise. No one positive for microalbuminuria in terms of Alb/cr before and after exercise. The charateristics of 8 children with microalbuminuria after exercise was no specific difference between positive and negative microalbuminuria. There was specific correlation between microalbuminuria and HbA1c(P<0.05) but sex, ages, duration of diabetes & blood pressure were not correlated with incidence of microalbuminuria. CONCLUSION: The mean timed urinary albumin excretion after exercise was significantly higher than before exercise. Measurement of timed urinary albumin excretion after exercise will be helpful for detecting microalbuminuria earlier.
Blood Pressure ; Child* ; Creatinine ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Diagnosis ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insulin ; Running

Diabetic nephropathy is a common and serious complication of diabetes characterized by persistent proteinuria, hypertension and a progressive decline of renal function. However, non-diabetic renal disease can be present in diabetic patients and differential diagnosis of treatable disease is important. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome is characterized by normal light microscopic finding and effacement of foot process in electron microscope, but foot process effacement is not specific and it can be present in the glomeruli of the most glomerulopathy including diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, pathologic diagnosis of minimal change nephrotic syndrome combined with diabetic nephropathy is very difficult. However, we could exclude other glomerulopathy and diagnose minimal change nephrotic syndrome by clinical features in three type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy and have successfully treated with corticosteroid.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Electrons ; Foot ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Light ; Nephrosis, Lipoid ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Proteinuria

Ischemic steal syndrome (ISS) is one of the serious complications that can occur after construction of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis (HD). Because AVF-related ISS symptoms are usually aggravated during HD sessions, a few cases of ISS in kidney transplantation (KT) recipients have been reported in the literature. We describe a 63-year-old male with diabetic nephropathy who created AVF for maintenance HD and presented with pain at rest and tissue necrosis of the left distal fingers at 10 years post-KT. Brachial angiography revealed the presence of attenuated blood flow through the distal ulnar artery. He underwent finger amputation and AVF ligation, leading to complete relief of ischemic symptoms. The aim of this case report is to help clinicians to diagnosis a steal syndrome in kidney transplantation with a careless AVF for a long period of time.
Amputation ; Angiography ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Diagnosis ; Fingers ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Ligation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis ; Renal Dialysis ; Ulnar Artery