Results of the biopsies from 55 diabetes patients with damage of capillary system on the skin were classified by Larsson’s scale. The state was mainly 2nd grade (41.8%), 1st grade and 3rd grade 29.1%. No case of 4th grade damage. The capillary damage was strictly assosciated to diabetes retinian capillary damage. The damage of skin capillary developed earlier considerably than that of the retine. The damage of capillary system on skin can be considered golden criterion for diagnosis of early damage of the capillary vessel in diabetes.
Skin ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Pathology

Humans ; Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology* ; Retina ; Diabetes Mellitus

Chronic Periodontitis ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; pathology ; Humans

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is associated with a greater likelihood of developing certain oral mucosal disorders. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) in patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2) and to investigate the association of such lesions with metabolic control of the disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 391 patients with DM2 and 391 non-diabetic control subjects. Demographic information and data on the duration and type of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, medical history, and current use of medication were obtained from medical records. Detailed oral examination was performed in accordance with international criteria. Results: The prevalence of OMLs was significantly higher among diabetic patients (45.5%) than among control subjects (38.4%) (P = 0.042). Patients with diabetes had a higher prevalence of geographic tongue (GT) (P = 0.017), denture stomatitis (P = 0.018), and angular cheilitis (P = 0.006) than controls. Overall, diabetic patients with poor metabolic control had a significantly higher prevalence of OMLs and xerostomia than patients with moderately and well-controlled disease (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of OMLs was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects. Higher occurrence of OMLs was significantly associated with poor metabolic control.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Mouth Mucosa ; Pathology, Oral ; Prevalence

Diabetes mellitus is a well documented risk factor for erectile dysfunction. Significant pathological changes observed in the cavernous tissues of ED patient with diabetes include generation of endothelial and smooth muscle cell, increase in thickness of collangen bundles, changes in vascular and neurotransmitters.
Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; pathology ; Endothelium ; pathology ; Erectile Dysfunction ; etiology ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth ; pathology ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Risk Factors

Animals ; Cochlea ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; pathology ; Male ; Mitochondria ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo investigate the early pathological changes of KKAy mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

METHODSFive male KKAy mice and six C57BL mice each were studied at the age of 8, 16, 20 and 24 weeks. With each mouse a 24-hour urine collection was made for the tests of proteinuria. Plasma insulin, lipids, serum creatinine and urea were also measured. Renal tissues were observed to assess glomerular and tubulointerstial pathology.

RESULTSThe KKAy mice developed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and obesity by 16 weeks of age (P < 0.01). The proteinuria increased with the increasing of age (P < 0.005), but there were no changes in control. The glomerular hypertrophy was observed in KKAy mice at the age of 16 weeks. Computer map analysis system (CMIAS) indicated the expansion of mesangial matrix in KKAy mice with ageing. There was significant tubular dilation, accompanied with focal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. On electron microscopy, GBM undergo progressive thickening (P < 0.01), accompanied with podocytes fusion and increasing of proteinuria.

CONCLUSIONSKKAy mice developed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and obesity after 16 weeks, with proteinuria, mesangial matrix accumulation, GBM thickening and tubular dilation. It was considered a good animal model for the early pathology changes of DN.

Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; pathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; pathology ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Kidney ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the changes of blood biochemical index and the pathological changes of myocardium and kidney in type 2 diabetic mouse at different time points, which can provide the basis for the selection of type 2 diabetic modeling time for later research. METHODS: After 6 weeks of feeding with high-fat diet, 24 healthy male ICR mice were injected with streptozocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 5 days to establish diabetic models. After 9 days, a random blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol / L was measured as diabetic mice. 4, 6 and 8 weeks after successfully preparing the diabetic mouse, 8 diabetic mice (a group)would be sacrificed each time. Then the biochemical and pathological conditions were analyzed: ① the indexes of heart and kidney were calculated. ②the serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine (Cr) and blood urine nitrogen (BUN) were determined. ③ Histopathological changes of myocardium and renal tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Masson staining was used to observe the fibrosis of myocardium. PAS staining was adopted to observe the pathological changes of renal tissue. In addition, 8 ICR male mice were taken as the control group. RESULTS: At the 4, 6 and 8 week, cardiac organ coefficient, the values of LDH and CK were all increased compared with the control group. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis could be observed. Renal organ coefficient, the values of Cr and BUN were increased. Glomerular hypertrophy, basement membrane thickening and atrophy could be perceived. CONCLUSION At the 6 week, related biochemical and pathological changes in diabetic mice were comparatively obvious and breeding time was relatively short. Thus, 6 weeks after the preparation of the diabetic mice would be the optimal time for type 2 diabetes mellitus modeling, proper for inventions of drugs and other research purposes including pathology, physiology, biochemistry, etc.
Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; pathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Kidney ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Streptozocin

The loss of or decreased functional pancreatic β-cell is a major cause of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have shown that adult β-cells can maintain their ability for a low level of turnover through replication and neogenesis. Thus, a strategy to prevent and treat diabetes would be to enhance the ability of β-cells to increase the mass of functional β-cells. Consequently, much effort has been devoted to identify factors that can effectively induce β-cell expansion. This review focuses on recent reports on small molecules and protein factors that have been shown to promote β-cell expansion.
Cell Communication ; genetics ; Cell Differentiation ; genetics ; Cell Proliferation ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; genetics ; pathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; genetics ; pathology ; Humans ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pathology

Diabetes patients tend to have the gastrointestinal motility disorder. Although the relationship between the motility disorder and both the neurons and Cajal cells in the enteric nervous system (ENS) is well established, little is known about the role of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in gastric motility in diabetes. This study aimed to examine the expression of the glial marker S100B and morphology of EGCs in gastric tissues and the relationship between activated EGCs and the damage of gastric emptying in diabetic models. The diabetic model of rat was induced with 1% streptozotocin (STZ). The model rats at 7-14 days and at 56-63 days were defined as early diabetic rats and advanced diabetic rats, respectively, and normal rats at the two time periods served as their corresponding controls. The gastric emptying rate of the rats was tested by using the phenol red solution. The ultrastructure of EGCs in the gastric antrum was observed by the transmission electron microscopy, and the expression of S100B in the myenteric plexus was immunohistochemically detected. The results showed that the gastric emptying rate was significantly increased in the early diabetic rats and decreased in the advanced diabetic rats when compared with their corresponding control rats (P<0.01 for both). The ultrastructure of EGCs was mostly normal in both the early diabetic and control groups. Vacuolization of mitochondria and expansion of endoplasmic reticulum occurred in both the advanced diabetic group and its control group, and even the structure of smooth muscle cells and intestinal neurons was destroyed in the advanced diabetic group. The expression level of S100B in the advanced diabetic group was significantly decreased compared with its control group (P<0.05). It was obviously increased in the early diabetic control group when compared with the advanced diabetic control group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the S100B expression between the early diabetic group and its control group (P>0.05). The findings suggested that the gastric motility dysfunction in diabetes may be associated with the changes of morphology and number of EGCs in the myenteric plexus.
Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; pathology ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; physiology ; Male ; Neuroglia ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley