2.Role of Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.
Journal of Korean Medical Science 2014;29(8):1038-1041
The importance of innate immunity in host defense is becoming clear after discovery of innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptor or Nod-like receptor. Innate immune system plays an important role in diverse pathological situations such as autoimmune diseases. Role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome or atherosclerosis that has not been previously considered as inflammatory disorders, is also being appreciated. Here, the role of innate immunity in the development of type 1 diabetes, a classical organ-specific autoimmune disease, and type 2 diabetes will be discussed, focusing on the role of specific innate immune receptors involved in these disease processes.
Animals
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Cytokines/*immunology
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*immunology
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*immunology
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Humans
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Immunity, Innate/*immunology
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Inflammasomes/*immunology
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*Models, Immunological
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Pancreas/immunology
3.Circulating Immune Complexes in Diabetics.
Joo Young PARK ; Sang Ae KIM ; Se Jong KIM ; Kap Bum HUH ; Joo Deuk KIM
Yonsei Medical Journal 1985;26(1):35-38
Circulating immune complexes (ClC) were detected by platelet aggregation test (PAT) in 40.0% of 45 diabetics and by polyethylene glycol precipitation-complement consumption test (PEG-CC test) in 30.6% of 36 diabetics as compared to 5% and 10% of 20 normal control subjects for each test. The prevalence of CIC in diabetics was significantly higher than in the normal controls (P < 0.05%). There were no correlations between the presence of ClC detected by PAT and the duration of the disease, insulin treatment, or diabetic complications. Thus multiple factors must contribute to the increase of ClC in diabetics. The role of these various factors needs to be studied.
Antigen-Antibody Complex/metabolism*
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Diabetes Mellitus/complications
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Diabetes Mellitus/immunology*
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Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/drug therapy
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Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/immunology
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Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent/immunology
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Human
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Insulin/therapeutic use
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Platelet Aggregation
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Time Factors
4.Role of dysfunction of macrophage in intractable diabetic wound.
Shengyong CUI ; Yan LIU ; Xiong ZHANG
Chinese Journal of Burns 2014;30(3):264-269
As a result of the stimulation of proinflammatory mediators, circulating peripheral-blood mononuclear cells migrate into the wound area, and they differentiate into different phenotypes of macrophage to take different roles in healing process. Their phenotypes interchange under different microenvironments. The disturbance of cutaneous environment in diabetic patients has been shown to alter the quantity, morphology, and functions of the macrophages resulting in retardation of wound healing. Healing of intractable diabetic wound can be improved by the supplement of exogenous growth factors, which might improve healing process by regulating the phenotype of macrophage in intractable diabetic wound. This article reviews the relationship between intractable diabetic wound and macrophage to explore new methods of treating intractable diabetic wound.
Diabetes Mellitus
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immunology
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metabolism
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Humans
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Macrophages
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physiology
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Skin
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Wound Healing
5.Type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.
Jessie TENG ; Richard David G LESLIE
Journal of Central South University(Medical Sciences) 2006;31(6):809-813
The review is aimed to explore the clinical and pathogenic spectrum of autoimmune diabetes including Type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Genetic susceptibility modifies age at onset in autoimmune diabetes. The most important genetic susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes and LADA is in the HLA region. Because of the age-related genetic factors, LADA can not be distinguished from classic Type 1 diabetes by genetics. Non-genetic factors contribute much to Type 1 diabetes, but little is known in LADA. Diabetes-associated immune process can occur in early childhood and can be predictive of an ongoing beta cell destruction. The management and prevention of LADA need to be investigated in order to define the best therapeutic strategy.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
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etiology
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genetics
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immunology
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therapy
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Humans
6.Current and Future Clinical Applications of Zinc Transporter-8 in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
Bo YI ; Gan HUANG ; Zhi-Guang ZHOU
Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(17):2387-2394
OBJECTIVETo evaluate the utility of zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8) in the improvement of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) diagnosis and prediction, and to explore whether ZnT8 is a potential therapeutic target in T1DM.
DATA SOURCESA search was conducted within the medical database PubMed for relevant articles published from 2001 to 2015. The search terms are as follows: "ZnT8," "type 1 diabetes," "latent autoimmune diabetes in adults," "type 2 diabetes," "islet autoantibodies," "zinc supplement," "T cells," "β cell," "immune therapy." We also searched the reference lists of selected articles.
STUDY SELECTIONEnglish-language original articles and critical reviews concerning ZnT8 and the clinical applications of islet autoantibodies in diabetes were reviewed.
RESULTSThe basic function of ZnT8 is maintaining intracellular zinc homeostasis, which modulates the process of insulin biosynthesis, storage, and secretion. Autoantibodies against ZnT8 (ZnT8A) and ZnT8-specific T cells are the reliable biomarkers for the identification, stratification, and characterization of T1DM. Additionally, the results from the animal models and clinical trials have shown that ZnT8 is a diabetogenic antigen, suggesting the possibility of ZnT8-specific immunotherapy as an alternative for T1DM therapy.
CONCLUSIONSZnT8 is a novel islet autoantigen with a widely potential for clinical applications in T1DM. However, before the large-scale clinical applications, there are still many problems to be solved.
Animals ; Autoantibodies ; immunology ; Autoantigens ; immunology ; Cation Transport Proteins ; immunology ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; immunology ; metabolism ; Humans
7.Metabolic syndrome and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.
Xia LI ; Zhi-guang ZHOU ; Lin YANG ; Gan HUANG ; Xiang YAN
Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae 2003;25(6):676-679
OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and to study the positivity of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA) in diabetic patients with MS.
METHODSSera of 598 patients with an initial diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were screened for GADA with radioligand assay. These patients were divided into LADA and T2DM groups according to the titers of GADA to compare the prevalence of MS; the proportions of LADA in diabetic patients with and without MS were studied. We also compared the clinical characteristics of LADA patients with and without MS.
RESULTSAbout 23.7% of the LADA patients had MS. In patients with MS, the prevalence of LADA was 10.0%, of which approximately 95% had low GADA titers, that was, belonging to LADA-type 2. Compared with LADA patients with MS, LADA without MS were similar to classical type 1 diabetes and had features of low body weight, tendency to develop ketosis and impaired islet cell function.
CONCLUSIONAbout 23.7% patients with MS are found in LADA patients. The GADA levels in LADA patients with and without MS are significantly different, which may need different therapeutic strategies.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Autoantibodies ; immunology ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; epidemiology ; immunology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; immunology ; Female ; Glutamate Decarboxylase ; immunology ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; epidemiology ; immunology ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence
8.Effects of streptozotocin diabetes on antigen-induced airway inflammation.
Ning LIAO ; Zheng-fu XIE ; Hua ZHAO ; Huan-zhong SHI
Chinese Medical Journal 2006;119(3):226-229
Animals
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Asthma
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immunology
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Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
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immunology
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Interferon-gamma
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biosynthesis
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Interleukin-4
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biosynthesis
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Male
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Ovalbumin
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immunology
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Rats
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Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Streptozocin
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Th1 Cells
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immunology
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Th2 Cells
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immunology
9.Diagnostic value of serum islet autoantibody in hepatogenic diabetes mellitus.
Ling ZHANG ; Ya-ling SHI ; Wen-xing HONG ; Wei-dong JIA ; Ling-hua LI
Journal of Southern Medical University 2006;26(7):1034-1036
OBJECTIVETo investigate the diagnostic value of serum islet autoantibody-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) and islet cell antibody (ICA) in patients with hepatogenic diabetes.
METHODSSerum GADA and ICA were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 217 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CH) or liver cirrhosis (LC). The positivity rate of GADA and ICA in different phases of CH and LC and their relations with diabetes mellitus were analyzed.
RESULTSThe positivity rate of the islet autoantibody in the circulation was 72% in CH and LC patients with diabetes mellitus and 30% in patients with normal glucose level, showing significant difference between the two patient groups (Chi2=36.620, P=0.000). CH patients with diabetes had much higher positivity rate for the antibody [52% than type 2 diabetic patients with liver dysfunction [8%, P<0.05]. The positivity rate was also much higher in CH and LC patients with lowered C peptide level [70%] than in those with normal C peptide level [40%, P<0.005].
CONCLUSIONBoth GADA and ICA have important value in the diagnosis of hepatogenic diabetes and may serve as indexed in laboratory test for distinguishing hepatogenic diabetes from type 2 diabetes.
Adult ; Autoantibodies ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; complications ; diagnosis ; immunology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; diagnosis ; immunology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Glutamate Decarboxylase ; immunology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; complications ; Humans ; Islets of Langerhans ; immunology ; Liver Cirrhosis ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests
10.Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibody levels discriminate two subtypes of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.
Xia LI ; Lin YANG ; Zhiguang ZHOU ; Gan HUANG ; Xiang YAN
Chinese Medical Journal 2003;116(11):1728-1732
OBJECTIVETo compare the clinical characteristics between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) with different titers of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA) and to define the two distinct subtypes of LADA.
METHODSSera of 750 patients with an initial diagnosis of T2DM from central south of China were screened for GADA using a radioligand assay. The distribution and frequency of GADA levels were described. Two hundred and ninety-five patients were divided into the T2DM group (n = 233) and the LADA group (n = 62) to compare the age of onset, body mass index, HbA(1c), C-peptide, hypertension, dyslipidemia and chronic diabetic complications. Furthermore, LADA patients with different GADA titers were subdivided to analyze the same indexes as the above.
RESULTSThe prevalence of LADA (defined as GADA > or = 0.05, namely GADA positive) was 9.7% in the 750 initially diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Compared with T2DM, LADA patients were younger at their ages of onset, had lower C-peptide and body mass index, and also had less cases with hypertension and with dyslipidemia. However, only patients with high titer of GADA had poorer beta cell functions and less diabetic complications compared to T2DM and low GADA titer of LADA patients. Patients with low GADA titer were similar to T2DM patients, except that they were prone to develop ketosis more frequently.
CONCLUSIONSTwo clinically distinct subtypes of LADA can be identified by GADA levels in patients initially-diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. Patients with high titer of GADA (GADA > or = 0.5) subsequently develop more insulin dependency, which are classified as LADA-type 1; while those with lower GADA titer (0.05 < or = GADA < 0.5) and having clinical and metabolic phenotypes of type 2 diabetes are classified as LADA-type 2.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Autoantibodies ; analysis ; Autoimmune Diseases ; classification ; immunology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; classification ; immunology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; classification ; immunology ; Female ; Glutamate Decarboxylase ; immunology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged