A three step cross-sectional analysis was realized on 5,153 above 15-year-old patients (2,311 male and 2,842 female), who enrolled at randomly from 6 districts and towns of Ha Tay province. Conclusion is as follows: Diabetes prevalence 1.490.33% (male 1.64%0.43%; female 1.370.54%). Glucose intolerance disturbance rate was 2.15%. 80.5% of total number of patients was detected by screening survey.
diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus

Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. Although the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of sarcopenia are obscure, sarcopenia has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of frailty and functional impairment in diabetes. The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology, and clinical implications of sarcopenia and the relationship between diabetes and sarcopenia.
Aging ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Sarcopenia*

Deafness ; Diabetes Complications ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Hearing Loss ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Humans

Objective: To explore the associations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with FPG and oral glucose tolerance test 2-hour (OGTT-2 h) in areas at different altitude in China. Methods: Subjects who participated in 2018-2019 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance and had no prior type 2 diabetes diagnosis were included. Subsequently, they were categorized into three groups based on altitude of living area (<2 000, 2 000- and ≥3 000 m). With adjustment for intracluster correlation, multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations of HbA1c with FPG and OGTT-2 h in the context of HbA1c was normal (<5.7%) or abnormal (≥5.7%). Furthermore, the shape of relationships between HbA1c and glucose indicators was examined using restricted cubic spline. Finally, receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of HbA1c for diabetes. Results: A total of 157 277 subjects were included in the analysis. While FPG and OGTT-2 h levels gradually decreased with increase of altitude, HbA1c level was similar among the three groups. When HbA1c was <5.7%, its association with FPG and OGTT-2 h was weak and no obvious difference was observed among the three groups. When HbA1c was ≥5.7%, the FPG and OGTT-2 h increased by 15.45% (95%CI:14.71%- 16.18%) and 24.54% (95%CI:23.18%-25.91%) respectively per one standard deviation increase in HbA1c in group in area at altitude <2 000 m. However, the FPG and OGTT-2 h increased by 13.08% (95%CI:10.46%-15.76%) and 21.72% (95%CI:16.39%-27.31%), respectively, in group in area at altitude 2 000- m, and increased by 11.41% (95%CI:9.32%-13.53%) and 20.03% (95%CI:15.38%- 24.86%), respectively, in group of altitude ≥3 000 m. The restricted cubic spline indicated that the curve showing the association of HbA1c with FPG and OGTT-2 h was flat when HbA1c was <5.7%, but showed a positive linear relationship when HbA1c was ≥5.7%. The area under curve for detecting diabetes was 0.808 (95%CI:0.803-0.812) in group of altitude <2 000 m and 0.728 (95%CI:0.660-0.796, P=0.022) in group of altitude ≥3 000 m. The relevant optimal cutoff value of HbA1c was 5.7%, with a sensitivity of 65.4% and a specificity of 83.0%, and 6.0%, with a sensitivity of 48.3% and a specificity of 93.7%, respectively. Conclusions: When HbA1c was ≥5.7%, the association between HbA1c and glucose indicators became weaker as the increase of altitude. In the area at altitude ≥3 000 m, it may not be appropriate to use HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes.
Adult ; Humans ; Glycated Hemoglobin ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis* ; Blood Glucose/analysis* ; Glucose ; Altitude ; Fasting ; China/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology*

China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; metabolism ; Humans ; Prevalence

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo study the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and adolescents and to describe the characteristics on age, gender and district distribution of schoolchildren, in Beijing.

METHODSA cross-sectional screening program the fasting capillary blood glucose (FCBG) was carried out in 19,593 schoolchildren in 7 areas of Beijing from March to October, 2004. According to the WHO diagnostic criteria: DM was set as FCBG < or = 6.1 mmol/L, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was set as 5.6 mmol/L < or = FCBG < 6.1 mmol/L.

RESULTSThe total aggregate age-adjusted prevalence rates of DM and IFG were 5.7 per thousand and 13.5 per thousand, respectively. The prevalence rates of DM and IFG in males were significantly higher than that in females (7.7 per thousand vs. 3.6 per thousand and 26.8 per thousand vs. 11.3 per thousand. DM X2 = 12.27, P = 0.0005; IFG X2 =47.29, P = 0.0000). Among seven districts, East District had the highest prevalence rates of DM and IFG, 8.9 per thousand and 27.4 per thousand (companied high obesity 28.68%) while Ping-Gu District having the lowest ones as 2.0 per thousand and 7.5 per thousand (obese 12.75%) respectively (X2 = 13.75, and X2 = 32.65, P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001). The DM prevalence rates between districts ranged from 2.0 per thousand to 8.9 per thousand, X2 = 18.94, P = 0.004 and the IFG prevalence of districts ranged from 7.5 per thousand to 27.4 per thousand (X2 = 52.05, P < 0.0001). The prevalence rates of DM among different age groups increased with age, with the highest prevalence of IFG on the 10-14 age group. Among boys, the highest prevalence rates of DM and IFG fell in the 15-18 and 10-14 age groups respectively while the highest prevalence rates on both DM and IFG among girls were in the same age group 10-14.

CONCLUSIONThe high prevalence rates on DM and IFG were seen in Beijing and showed significant discrimination on age, gender and district distribution. More developed urban district and males had a higher prevalence, companied by higher obesity prevalence. Age seemed to be a high risk factor on DM for boys while the puberty development seemed a high risk factor for girls.

Adolescent ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male

BACKGROUND: The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level is widely used to diagnose and monitor glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus, and various methods are used for its determination. The D-100 hemoglobin testing system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) is a fully automated, high-throughput glycohaemoglobin analyzer based on an ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Here, we evaluated the analytical performance of a newly developed HbA1c analyzer. METHODS: Precision, linearity, and comparison to the Variant II Turbo analyzer (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) were evaluated according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Carryover, bias from the value assigned by the HbA1c Network Laboratory of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the vulnerability to interference by hemoglobin variants frequently found in Korea were also assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using Excel 2010 (Microsoft Co., USA) and MedCalc ver. 14.12.0 (MedCalc Software bvba, Belgium). RESULTS: The coefficients of variation for repeatability and within-device precision were less than 1.08% in National Glycohaemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) unit and less than 1.68% in international system of unit at all three levels. The calibration curve was linear, with R²=0.996 in the range of 4.6% to 15.4% in NGSP unit. The results highly correlated with those produced by Variant II Turbo (r=0.998). The 95% confidence interval for differences from the assigned values was -3.3% to 2.9%. No significant interferences of haemoglobin variants were observed except for Hemoglobin Yamagata. CONCLUSIONS: The D-100 hemoglobin testing system showed excellent precision, linearity, and good correlation with the Variant II Turbo analyzer and agreement with the assigned values. Therefore, its analytical performance is satisfactory for diabetes diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Calibration ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Korea ; Methods

Study 208 patients with cirrhosis were investigated in the Hospital 198 from May 1995 to May 2003. Among them 31 (30 males and 1 females)- 14,9% had got hepatic encephalopathy syndrome, its incidence increased proportionately with the duration of the disease cirrhosis alcoholism patients got higher incidence of hepatic encephalopathy with viral hepatitis factor. The incidence of hepatic encephalopathy reached 23% in case of viral infection associated with alcoholism . In patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage there were 30%, with diabetes 40%, hypokalemia 33%, kidney failure 40% had got hepatic encephalopathy syndrome. Clinical syndroms of hepatic encephalopathy were amnesia, dementia, insomnia and mental disorder.
Risk factors ; Diagnosis ; Fibrosis ; Epidemiology ; Alcoholism ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Hypokalemia ; Kidney Failure

With worldwide epidemic of diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy which is one of the major causes of microvascular complication has become a serious concern in Korea as well as the rest of the world. In view of its significance, there is an urgent and paramount need for proper managements that could either deter or slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Despite advances in care, ever increasing number of patients suffering from diabetic kidney disease and from end-stage renal disease implies that the current management is not adequate in many aspects. The reasons for these inadequacies compromise lack of early diagnosis, failure to intervene with timely and aggressive manner, and lack of understanding on the kind of interventions required. Another issue equally important for the adequate care of patients with diabetic nephropathy is an understanding of past, present and future epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy which serves, especially in Korea, as a material determining standard diagnosis and treatment and a national health-policy decision.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Nephropathies* ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Epidemiology* ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Korea ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Renal Replacement Therapy