Objective: To explore the association between fatty liver and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the baseline-population of Jinchang cohort study. Methods: Data from all the participants involved in the baseline-population of Jinchang cohort study was used, to compare the risks of T2DM in fatty liver and non fatty liver groups and to explore the interaction between family history or fatty liver of diabetes and the prevalence of T2DM. Results: Among all the 46 861 participants, 10 574 were diagnosed as having fatty liver (22.56%), with the standardized rate as 20.66%. Another 3 818 participants were diagnosed as having T2DM (8.15%) with standardized rate as 6.90%. The prevalence of T2DM increased in parallel with the increase of age (trend χ(2)=2 833.671, trend P<0.001). The prevalence of T2DM in the fatty liver group was significantly higher than that in the non-fatty liver group, both in men or women and in the overall population. Compared with the group of non-fatty liver, the risks of T2DM in fatty liver group were seen 1.78 times higher in males, 2.33 times in women and 2.10 times in the overall population, after adjustment for factors as age, levels of education, smoking, drinking, physical exercise, BMI, family history of diabetes and some metabolic indicators (pressure, TC, TG, uric acid, ALT, AST, gamma-glutamyl transferase). Date from the interaction model showed that fatty liver and family history of diabetes present a positive additive interaction on T2DM (RERI=1.18, 95%CI: 0.59-1.78; AP=0.24, 95%CI: 0.14-0.34; S=1.43, 95%CI: 1.21-1.69). Conclusions: Fatty liver could significantly increase the risk of T2DM and a positive additive interaction was also observed between fatty liver and family history of diabetes on T2DM. It was important to strengthen the prevention program on T2DM, in order to effectively control the development of fatty liver.
China/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology* ; Fatty Liver/ethnology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology* ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo assess the association of glucokinase regulator protein (GCKR) gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes (T2D) among ethnic Uygurs from Xinjiang, China.

METHODSOne thousand and six T2D patients and 1004 healthy controls were recruited. The rs780094 genotype of the GCKR gene was determined with a Sequenom Mass ARRAY system.

RESULTSThe distribution of GCKR rs780094 AA, AG and GG genotypes were not statistically different between the two groups (P>0.05). After adjusting confounding factors, an association of rs780094 with T2D was observed in an additive and dominant model (OR=1.181, 95%CI: 1.021-1.366, P=0.025; OR=1.296, 95%CI: 1.043-1.610, P=0.019). The total cholesterol level was higher in AA carriers than GG and GA carriers (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe AA genotype of the GCKR rs780094 polymorphism may increase the risk of T2D among ethnic Uygurs from Xinjiang.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; genetics ; China ; ethnology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; etiology ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Polymorphism, Genetic

OBJECTIVE To assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with liability to gout among ethnic Han Chinese males from coastal region of Shandong province. METHODS Seven SNPs within the susceptibility genes of T2DM, including rs10773971(G/C) and rs4766398(G/C) of WNT5B gene, rs10225163(G/C) of JAZF1 gene, rs2069590(T/A) of BDKRB2 gene, rs5745709(G/A) of HGF gene, rs1991914(C/A) of OTOP1 gene and rs2236479(G/A) of COL18A1 gene, were typed with a custom-made Illumina GoldenGate Genotyping assay in 480 male patients with gout and 480 male controls. Potential association was assessed with the chi-square test. RESULTS No significant difference was detected for the 7 selected SNPs in terms of genotypic and allelic frequencies (P > 0.05). When age and body mass index (BMI) were adjusted, the 7 genetic variants still showed no significant association with gout. CONCLUSION The genotypes of the 7 selected SNPs are not associated with gout in ethnic Han Chinese male patients from the coastal region of Shandong province. However, the results need to be replicated in larger sets of patients collected from other regions and populations.
Adult ; Aged ; China ; ethnology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; genetics ; Ethnic Groups ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Gout ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

INTRODUCTIONWe assessed the predictors of poor glycaemic control among older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysia.

METHODSThis cross-sectional study used the data of 21,336 patients aged ≥ 60 years with T2DM from the Adult Diabetes Control and Management Registry 2008-2009.

RESULTSPredictors of poor glycaemic control were: age groups 60-69 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66-2.33) and 70-79 years (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.71); Malay (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.41-1.66) and Indian (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.19-1.46) ethnicities; T2DM durations of 5-10 years (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.35-1.58) and > 10 years (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.59-1.91); the use of oral antidiabetic agents only (OR 5.86, 95% CI 3.32-10.34), insulin only (OR 17.93, 95% CI 9.91-32.43), and oral antidiabetic agents and insulin (OR 29.42, 95% CI 16.47-52.53); and elevated blood pressure (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.20), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.38-1.59) and triglycerides (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.51-1.73). Hypertension (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.64-0.80), hypertension and dyslipidaemia (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.61-0.75), pre-obesity (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.98) and obesity (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70-0.84) were less likely to be associated with poor glycaemic control.

CONCLUSIONYoung-old and middle-old age groups (i.e. < 80 years), Malay and Indian ethnicities, longer T2DM duration, the use of pharmacological agents, and elevated blood pressure and lipid levels were associated with poor glycaemic control. The presence of comorbidities, pre-obesity and obesity were less likely to be associated with poor glycaemic control.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Pressure ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Comorbidity ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; complications ; ethnology ; Female ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; blood ; Hypertension ; complications ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Insulin ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; complications ; Registries ; Sex Factors ; Singapore ; Triglycerides ; blood

INTRODUCTIONObesity is a major modifiable risk factor associated with most chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity, and its associated risk factors, among apparently healthy Chinese adults in a Malaysian suburban village.

METHODSThis was a cross-sectional study conducted among the Chinese residents in Seri Kembangan New Village, Klang Valley, Selangor, Malaysia. Convenience sampling was used for the selection of participants. Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure were measured. Fasting venous plasma was drawn for the measurement of fasting glucose level and lipid profile. Data on sociodemographic factors, dietary habits, physical activity, perceived stress level and sleep duration were collected using interviewer-administered, pretested and validated questionnaires.

RESULTSAmong the 258 Chinese residents (mean age 41.4 ± 10.0 years) recruited, the prevalence of obesity was 40%. The obese participants had significantly higher mean blood pressure, and triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose levels than the non-obese participants (p < 0.05). The obese participants also had a significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level than the non-obese participants. Logistic regression analysis showed that drinking soy milk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.447; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.253-0.787; p < 0.05) and the perception that a balanced diet consists mainly of vegetables (adjusted OR 0.440; 95% CI 0.215-0.900; p < 0.05) were associated with a reduced risk of obesity. The risk of obesity was higher in younger participants (adjusted OR 2.714; 95% CI 1.225-6.011; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of obesity was high among the apparently healthy suburban Chinese. Our findings suggest that soy milk consumption and the perception that a balanced diet consists mainly of vegetables are associated with a lower risk of developing obesity in this population.

Adult ; Anthropometry ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; diagnosis ; China ; ethnology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Malaysia ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Soy Milk ; Suburban Population ; Triglycerides ; blood ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo identify the possible association between C(-106)T polymorphism of the aldose reductase (ALR) gene and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a cohort of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODSFrom November 2009 to September 2010, patients with T2DM were recruited and assigned to DR group or diabetic without retinopathy (DWR) group according to the duration of diabetes and the grading of 7-field fundus color photographs of both eyes. Genotypes of the C(-106)T polymorphism (rs759853) in ALR gene were analyzed using the MassARRAY genotyping system and an association study was performed.

RESULTSA total of 268 T2DM patients (129 in the DR group and 139 in the DWR group) were included in this study. No statistically significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in the age of diabetes onset (P=0.10) and gender (P=0.78). The success rate of genotyping for the study subjects was 99.6% (267/268), with one case of failure in the DR group. The frequencies of the T allele in the C(-106)T polymorphism were 16.0% (41/256) in the DR group and 19.4% (54/278) in the DWR group (P=0.36). There was no significant difference in the C(-106)T genotypes between the 2 groups (P=0.40). Compared with the wild-type genotype, odds ratio (OR) for the risk of DR was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.38-1.3) for the heterozygous CT genotype and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.18-3.25) for the homozygous TT genotype. The risk of DR was positively associated with microalbuminuria (OR=4.61; 95% CI, 2.34-9.05) and insulin therapy (OR=3.43; 95% CI, 1.94-6.09).

CONCLUSIONSMicroalbuminuria and insulin therapy are associated with the risk of DR in Chinese patients with T2DM. C(-106)T polymorphism of the ALR gene may not be significantly associated with DR in Chinese patients with T2DM.

Albuminuria ; epidemiology ; urine ; Aldehyde Reductase ; genetics ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; drug therapy ; ethnology ; genetics ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; drug therapy ; ethnology ; etiology ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk

OBJECTIVETo study the baseline distribution of polymorphisms in the promoter of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor co-activator 1 (PPARGC1A) gene in ethnic Hans from Beijing, and to assess their association with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

METHODSA 2-stage study was designed. Firstly, the promoter region of PPAGC1A gene was screened with PCRRFLP in a small population (n=216, T2DM/control: 104/112), which was followed by a replication study of a larger group (n=1546, T2DM/control: 732/814). Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, blood lipid, height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured in all subjects. Potential association was assessed by logistic regression. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis were conducted with Haploview software.

RESULTSFive polymorphisms were identified with Sanger sequencing, among which T-2120C (rs3755857), -1999C/G (rs2946386) and -1437T/C (rs2970870) were included for genotypic analysis based on their moderate levels of heterozygosity. No significant difference was found between the two groups. When adjusted for age and gender confounding, we have combined the OR values from population 1 and population 2 based on Mantel-Haenszel fixed model, and recognized a mild contribution of C allele of -1999C/G (rs2946386) to the 1.18-fold risk of T2DM (P=0.03, OR=118). No haplotype was associated with T2DM after permutation correction.

CONCLUSIONThe C allele of -1999C/G ( rs2946386) in the promoter region of the PPARGC1A gene is mildly associated with T2DM. Variations in the promoter region of the PPARGC1A gene seem not to confer the risk of T2DM in our population.

Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; ethnology ; genetics ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; ethnology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; ethnology ; genetics ; Ethnic Groups ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Transcription Factors ; genetics

OBJECTIVE: To explore the risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of Dong nationality in Western Hunan, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of T2DM in the district. METHODS: In the case-control study, the subjects were divided into a T2DM group, an impaired glucose regulation (IGR) group and a normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group through oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A questionnaire survey was conducted, and physical measurements and the detection of blood glucose, blood lipids and serum insulin were done. RESULTS: Univariate analysis found significant difference in age, fasting insulin (FINS), HOMA insulin resistance index (HOMA-IRI), HOMA β-cell function index (HOMA-βC), trigalloyl glycerol (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure in the glucose metabolism among different groups (P<0.05). Body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), family history of diabetes, number of physical activities per week, dinner taste, fat and protein-rich foods, fresh vegetables and fruits intake were associated with T2DM. Multifactor non-conditional ordinal logistic regression indicated that age was the risk factor of T2DM and IGR. Compared with the group whose age was≤50, the odds ratios of the groups of 5070 were 1.85, 2.83 and 2.64 respectively, P<0.05. The risk of suffering from diabetes of the overweighted or obese people was 2.13 times that of a normal BMI group, P<0.01. The other influencing factors included WHR (OR=2.06), family history of diabetes (OR=11.36), and fat and protein-rich foods (OR=1.90). CONCLUSION The main influencing factors of T2DM of Dong nationality in Western Hunan include age, BMI, WHR, family history of diabetes, fat and protein-rich foods. We must strengthen the health eduation of T2DM of Dong nationality in Western Hunan to reduce the risk of T2DM.
Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; Ethnic Groups ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; Lipids ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The application of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for the diagnosis of diabetes is currently under extensive discussion. In this study, we explored the validity of using HbA1c as a screening and diagnostic test in Chinese subjects recruited in Nanjing, China. METHODS: In total, 497 subjects (361 men and 136 women) with fasting plasma glucose (PG) > or = 5.6 mmol/L were recruited to undergo the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and HbA1c test. Plasma lipid, uric acid, and blood pressure were also measured. RESULTS: Using a receiver operating characteristic curve, the optimal cutoff point of HbA1c related to diabetes diagnosed by the OGTT was 6.3%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.6% and 82.2%, respectively, and the area under the curve was 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 0.92). A HbA1c level of 6.5% had a sensitivity and specificity of 62.7% and 93.5%, respectively. When comparing the HbA1c > or = 6.5% or OGTT methods for diagnosing diabetes, the former group had significantly higher HbA1c levels and lower levels of fasting and 2-hour PG than the latter group. No significant difference was observed in the other metabolism indexes between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that HbA1c > or = 6.5% has reasonably good specificity for diagnosing diabetes in Chinese subjects, which is in concordance with the American Diabetes Association recommendations.
Aged ; Analysis of Variance ; *Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biological Markers/blood ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; China/epidemiology ; *Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/standards ; *Chromatography, Ion Exchange/standards ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/*diagnosis/ethnology ; Fasting/blood ; Female ; Glucose Tolerance Test/standards ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/*analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening/*methods/standards ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests ; ROC Curve ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; ethnology ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; KCNQ1 Potassium Channel ; genetics ; Male