Objective: In this present study, we aim to evaluate the accuracy of the HbA1c relative to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes among The Malaysian Cohort (TMC) participants. Methodology: FPG and HbA1c were taken from 40,667 eligible TMC participants that have no previous history of diabetes, aged between 35-70 years and were recruited from 2006 – 2012. Participants were classified as normal, diabetes and pre-diabetes based on the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Chi-square test, while Pearson correlation and Cohen’s kappa were used to examine the concordance rate between FPG and HbA1c. Results: The study samples consisted of 16,224 men and 24,443 women. The prevalence of diabetes among the participants was 5.7% and 7.5% according to the FPG and HbA1c level, respectively. Based on FPG, 10.6% of the participants had pre-diabetes but this increased to 14.2% based on HbA1c (r=0.86; P<0.001). HbA1c had a sensitivity of 58.20 (95% CI: 56.43, 59.96) and a specificity of 98.59 (95% CI: 98.46, 98.70). Conclusion A higher prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was observed when using HbA1c as a diagnosis tool, suggesting that it could possibly be more useful for early detection. However, given that HbA1c may also have lower sensitivity and higher false positive rate, several diagnostic criteria should be used to diagnose diabetes accurately.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diagnosis

Study on 120 men with diabetes type 2 were treated at the Central Military Hospital 108. Results: 61% patients were between 50 and 60 years old, the rate of overweight and obesity were relative high (46.6%), more than 40% patients had comorbidity of hypertension, dyslipidemia. Most patients were diagnosed between 2 and 5 years (46.3%). Most common clinical symptoms were excessive thirst (61%), frequent urination (61%), weight loss (57.4%), but 20% patients were asymptomatic. The rate of diabetic encephalopathy were 7.4%, diastolic dysfunction 68,5%, left ventricular hypertrophy 31,5%, proteinuria 51.8%, grade 1 renal insuffiency 5.6%, eye damage 30%.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Men ; Diagnosis

Research on 61 patients with type 2 diabetics found that 45,9% of them at 51 to 60 years old, 62,3% with big abdomen. Non-symbolic subjective symptoms were: 42,6% over eating, 44,2% over drinking and urinate, 49,1% tiring, 34,4% weight reducing, 31,1% cardiovascular wound in which 22,9% pressure increase, 62,3% blood-lipid disorder, were combine lipid disorder and purely triglicerit increase mainly
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; diagnosis ; Patients

Insulin independent diabetes is considered as a metabolic and vascular disease that causes vascular complications in which atherosclerosis rate was common. 70-75% of type II diabetic patients was dead due to complications of atherosclerosis such as myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and arteritis obliterans in lower limb. A study on 114 type 2 diabetic patients (female: 90) with ages of 62, without obesity and 40 persons without diabetes has shown that the rate of carotid atherosclerosis in type II diabetic patients was high, the ages of lesion occurring in type II diabetic patients less 10 years than this in persons without type 2 diabetes. In addition to, traditional risks such as ages, phase of disease, there was correlation between thickness of atherosclerosis plaque and blood fibrinogen as well as abdominal measurement
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Carotid Artery Diseases ; diagnosis ; ultrasonography

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 ; PRACTICE GUIDELINE ; DIAGNOSIS ; THERAPY ;

Whereas most people with diabetes mellitus have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, there are other inherited forms of diabetes, including single-gene forms of diabetes and rare genetic syndromes. Monogenic forms of pancreatic beta cell dysfunction include maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and neonatal diabetes, with MODY being the most common form of inherited diabetes. Mitochondrial diabetes and monogenic severe insulin resistance are also inherited forms of diabetes. In addition, more than 100 genetic diseases are known to be associated with diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis of inherited diabetes has important implications for patients, allowing personalized management and screening of their relatives. This review briefly presents genetic diseases associated with diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; Mass Screening

Ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus (KPD), which is an atypical type of diabetic mellitus with severe β cell dysfunction, is accompanied by ketosis or ketoacidosis without specific preceding factors at diagnosis. KPD shows mixed features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In some cases, the recovery of the function of β cells during intensified diabetic management enabled the termination of insulin therapy. The Aβ classification system classifies KPD patients into four distinct subgroups depending upon the presence or absence of β cell autoimmunity and β cell functional reserve and has been recognized as an important tool to predict clinical outcomes. In Korea, several cases of KPD with absence of β cell autoimmunity have been reported. A 60-year-old man presenting with DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) as the first manifestation of diabetes, was shown to have β cell autoimmunity. A significant improvement in glycemic control was shown as a result of aggressive diabetic management; shortly after an acute episode of DKA, the recovery of β cell functional reserve was confirmed. This result allowed discontinuation of insulin therapy and maintenance of euglycemic status without antidiabetic medication.
Autoimmunity ; Classification ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Ketoacidosis ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Insulin ; Ketosis ; Korea ; Middle Aged

Although isolated cranial nerve palsies are common in diabetic patients, multiple, simultaneous cranial neuropathies are rare. We describe the second case of a complete superior orbital fissure syndrome including the optic nerve in a middle-aged Papuan man with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. The differential diagnosis included septic cavernous sinus thrombosis and Tolosa Hunt syndrome, and management was initially directed at excluding these serious, treatable conditions.
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis - diagnosis ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis ; New Guinea ; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases - diagnosis ; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases - etiology ; Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome - diagnosis

BACKGROUND: This study was aimed to investigate the diagnosis-related characteristics of the microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to identify the relationship ship between regular check-up and detection of complications of diabetes. METHODS: The study subjects were 63 patients with diabetic microvascular complications. The data were collected with self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The main motive to identify retinopathy was through 'visiting hospital after having symptoms (58.9%)', and not through regular checkup. The most common symptom of retinopathy was dim dye (84.3%) and the mean duration after diabetes mellitus diagnosis was 6.8 years. The main motive to identify renal complications was through 'visiting hospital after having symptoms and checking for other complications (28.0%)'. The most common symptom of renal complications was edema of face and hands (72.0%) and the mean duration following diabetes mellitus diagnosis was 8.4 years. The main motive to identify neuropathy was through 'visiting hospital after having symptoms (34.8%)', and not regular checkup. The most common symptom of neuropathy was tingling sensation of feet (100.0%) and the mean duration following diabetes mellitus diagnosis was 7.4 years. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, we suggest that diabetes complications check-up should be performed simultaneously to make the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and that the health care providers could provide them with more opportunities to have such check-ups with standardized complications care guidelines.
Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Diagnosis ; Edema ; Foot ; Hand ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Sensation ; Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Glucokinase maturity-onset diabetes of the young (GCK-MODY) represents a distinct subgroup of MODY that does not require hyperglycemia-lowering treatment and has very few diabetes-related complications. Three patients from two families who presented with clinical signs of GCK-MODY were evaluated. Whole-exome sequencing was performed and the effects of the identified mutations were assessed using bioinformatics tools, such as PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and in silico modeling. We identified two mutations: p.Leu30Pro and p.Ser383Leu. In silico analyses predicted that these mutations result in structural conformational changes, protein destabilization, and thermal instability. Our findings may inform future GCK-MODY diagnosis; furthermore, the two mutations detected in two Korean families with GCK-MODY improve our understanding of the genetic basis of the disease.
Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Diagnosis ; Glucokinase* ; Humans