Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by an imbalance between the local microbiota and host immune response. Epidemiologically, periodontitis is closely related to the occurrence, development, and poor prognosis of T2D and is recognized as a potential risk factor for T2D. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the role of the virulence factors produced by disorders of the subgingival microbiota in the pathological mechanism of T2D, including islet β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR). However, the related mechanisms have not been well summarized. This review highlights periodontitis-derived virulence factors, reviews how these stimuli directly or indirectly regulate islet β-cell dysfunction. The mechanisms by which IR is induced in insulin-targeting tissues (the liver, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle) are explained, clarifying the influence of periodontitis on the occurrence and development of T2D. In addition, the positive effects of periodontal therapy on T2D are overviewed. Finally, the limitations and prospects of the current research are discussed. In summary, periodontitis is worthy of attention as a promoting factor of T2D. Understanding on the effect of disseminated periodontitis-derived virulence factors on the T2D-related tissues and cells may provide new treatment options for reducing the risk of T2D associated with periodontitis.
Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications* ; Periodontitis

Chronic Periodontitis ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; pathology ; Humans

Diabetic mastopathy is a clinicopathologic entity which was first described as a dense fibrous breast mass in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this article was to document diabetic mastopathy histologically which had been diagnosed as fibrocystic disease and to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures in breast mass simulating malignancy in diabetic patients. We examined eight excisional breast biopsies from seven patients. Three diabetic patients with type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presented with bilateral (2 patients) or unilateral (1 patient) rapidly growing palpable breast masses. Four patients with type II noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presented with bilateral (2 patients) or unilateral breast mass (1 patient). One patient had no symptoms. All of them had late complications of diabetes mellitus such as nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Mammographic findings such as ill- defined mass density and asymmetric increased density suggested malignancy. However, all of them had been diagnosed as fibrocystic disease. On review, the most consistent pathologic finding was keloid-like stromal fibrosis. Others were ductitis or ductulitis, thickening of basement membrane of ducts or ductules, mononuclear perivasculitis and lobulitis. Six of eight breast satisfied all five criteria for diabetic mastopathy.
Basement Membrane ; Biopsy ; Breast ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Fibrosis ; Humans

Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications* ; Cholelithiasis

Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease are chronic diseases affecting a large number of populations worldwide. Changed bone metabolism is one of the important long-term complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Alveolar bone loss is one of the main outcomes of periodontitis, and diabetes is among the primary risk factors for periodontal disease. In this review, we summarise the adverse effects of diabetes on the periodontium in periodontitis subjects, focusing on alveolar bone loss. Bone remodelling begins with osteoclasts resorbing bone, followed by new bone formation by osteoblasts in the resorption lacunae. Therefore, we discuss the potential mechanism of diabetes-enhanced bone loss in relation to osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Bone Diseases ; complications ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; complications ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; metabolism ; Humans ; Periodontal Diseases ; complications

BACKGROUND: The relationship between type II diabetes and congnitive function has been explored in several studies. But the result was controversial. The purpose of the study was to determine whether diabetes mellitus in older patients(>or=65 years) is assiciated with cognitive dysfunction and to discover the related factors with th cognitive dysfunction. METHOD: Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes and twenty subjects with non-diabetes are studied with cognitive function test at Hwachun health center and county hospital. Cognitive function was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination and Clock Drawing test and the score was analyzed. The diabetes groups were subdivided with duration of diabetes, HbAlc, chronic diabetic complications and then analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 6(30%) diabetic subjects scored below 24 on mini-mental state examination, compared with 3(15%) of controls(p=0.2560). The mean socres were 20.1+/-2.7 and 19.0+/-3.5 respectively. Clock drawing test demonstrated that 13(65%) diabetic subjects inconectly placed the numbers and hands, compared with 7(35%) of controls(p=0.0578>0.05). The duration of diabetes mellitus, HbAlc, chronic diabetic com- plications were not associated with cognitive dysfun- ction among diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly is not associated with cognitive dysfunction, but further study should be done.
Aged ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Hand ; Hospitals, County ; Humans

The number of diabetic patients visiting stomatology for periodontal disease is increasing, and the symptoms are relatively severe, and often complications increase the complexity of periodontal treatment. This article briefly describes the research progress and clinical manifestations of the epidemiology and related pathological mechanisms of periodontitis with diabetes, focusing on the treatment and providing reference for stomatologists in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetic periodontitis.
Humans ; Periodontitis/therapy* ; Diabetes Mellitus/therapy* ; Periodontal Diseases ; Dental Care ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetes Complications/complications*

In patients with diabetes, glucose fluctuations, insulin resistance, poor circulation, and likely immune damage can easily lead to infections. Splenic abscess is rare in diabetic patients and is associated with a high mortality rate. Type 2 diabetes causes increased risks of splenic abscess, and timely and effective treatment can lower the mortality rate. We report here a case of type 2 diabetes complicated by multiple splenic abscesses.
Abscess ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Splenic Diseases ; complications

BACKGROUND: This study was aimed to investigate the diagnosis-related characteristics of the microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to identify the relationship ship between regular check-up and detection of complications of diabetes. METHODS: The study subjects were 63 patients with diabetic microvascular complications. The data were collected with self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The main motive to identify retinopathy was through 'visiting hospital after having symptoms (58.9%)', and not through regular checkup. The most common symptom of retinopathy was dim dye (84.3%) and the mean duration after diabetes mellitus diagnosis was 6.8 years. The main motive to identify renal complications was through 'visiting hospital after having symptoms and checking for other complications (28.0%)'. The most common symptom of renal complications was edema of face and hands (72.0%) and the mean duration following diabetes mellitus diagnosis was 8.4 years. The main motive to identify neuropathy was through 'visiting hospital after having symptoms (34.8%)', and not regular checkup. The most common symptom of neuropathy was tingling sensation of feet (100.0%) and the mean duration following diabetes mellitus diagnosis was 7.4 years. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, we suggest that diabetes complications check-up should be performed simultaneously to make the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and that the health care providers could provide them with more opportunities to have such check-ups with standardized complications care guidelines.
Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Diagnosis ; Edema ; Foot ; Hand ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Sensation ; Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor in many diseases, including various kinds of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Many studies have also reported the unfavorable effects of smoking for diabetes mellitus. Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes, and aggravates the micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation and dyslipidemia, but the exact mechanisms through which smoking influences diabetes mellitus are not clear. However, smoking cessation is one of the important targets for diabetes control and the prevention diabetic complications.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Dyslipidemias ; Inflammation ; Insulin Resistance ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation