PURPOSE:Urine examination for microalbuminuria during the clinical silent years can help to identify those patients most likely to progress to overt nephropathy. The normalization of the AER(Albumin Excretion Rate) by alteration of glomerular hemodynamics may be the key to preventing or delaying overt nephropathy. The prognostic and therapeutic implications have led to attempts to identify patients with microalbuminuria as early as possible.Because diagnosis of microalbuminuria has required a 12 or 24 hour urine collection,there has been interested in developing tests that might serve as a first-stage screen for microalbuminuria. Most reports have dealt with the usefulness of either the albumin concentration or the albumin/creatinine ratio in a timed or randomly collected urine specimen. Exercise induced albumin excretion is increased compared to resting and could unmask latent glomerular damage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate diagostic significance of urinary albumin measurement after exercise in children with insulin dependent diabetes. METHODS:Fifty-seven patients with IDDM collected their overnight urine from 22:00 to 6:00 in following morning. Exercised method for urine examination was 100M running and collected 2 hour urine after exercise. The AER and Albumin/ creatinine ratio(ACR) were measured in the urine and compared with before and after exercise. RESULTS:Mean ages of diabetic children was 13.7 yrs old and duration of diabetes was 4.1+/-2.7yrs, HbA1c 8.6+/-1.9%,Systolic BP 107+/-10mmHg and Diastolic BP 67+/-8mmHg. The exercise induced AER was increased compared to before exercise(10.3+/-10.5 vs 18.1+/-16.0 mg/24hr). The exercise induced ACR also increased too(1.4+/-1.5 mg/g.Cr vs 4.1+/-3.6mg/g.Cr)(P<0.01). Two(3.5%) children with IDDM was positive for microalbuminuria in terms of AER before exercise and 8 children(14%) after exercise. No one positive for microalbuminuria in terms of Alb/cr before and after exercise. The charateristics of 8 children with microalbuminuria after exercise was no specific difference between positive and negative microalbuminuria. There was specific correlation between microalbuminuria and HbA1c(P<0.05) but sex, ages, duration of diabetes & blood pressure were not correlated with incidence of microalbuminuria. CONCLUSION: The mean timed urinary albumin excretion after exercise was significantly higher than before exercise. Measurement of timed urinary albumin excretion after exercise will be helpful for detecting microalbuminuria earlier.
Blood Pressure ; Child* ; Creatinine ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Diagnosis ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insulin ; Running

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Jianpi Wenshen Decoction (JWD) on serum gastrin, plasma motilin and somatostatin in patients of diabetic diarrhea (DD).

METHODSPatients with DD were randomly divided into two groups, the JWD group and the control group treated with Loperamide (LPA). Besides, a normal control group was set up. Changes of serum gastrin, plasma motilin and somatostatin were observed.

RESULTSBefore treatment, the levels of gastrin and motilin in both groups were higher and somatostatin lower than those in the normal control group. After 1 month treatment, levels of the three indices were restored in both group approaching the normal range with insignificance as compared with those in the normal control group (P > 0.05). Level of plasma motilin and serum gastrin showed an increasing trend along with the therapeutic effect elevation, while level of somatostatin showed a decreasing trend.

CONCLUSIONJWD could promote the recovery of the impaired function of vegetative nerve system in DD patients. At the same time, serum gastrin, plasma motilin and somatostatin may be taken as the indexes for evaluating the efficacy in treating DD.

Adult ; Aged ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; complications ; drug therapy ; Diarrhea ; blood ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Gastrins ; blood ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motilin ; blood ; Phytotherapy ; Somatostatin ; blood

Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Diabetes Complications ; prevention & control ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; blood ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Dinoprost ; analogs & derivatives ; blood ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; pharmacology ; Insulin ; pharmacology ; Oxidative Stress

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk factors for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to establish a model for predicting the risk of DKA. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 217 children/adolescents with T1DM who were admitted to General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2018 to December 2021. Among the 217 children/adolescents,169 cases with DKA were included as the DKA group and 48 cases without DKA were included as the non-DKA group. The risk factors for DKA in the children/adolescents with T1DM were analyzed, and a nomogram model was established for predicting the risk of DKA in children/adolescents with T1DM. RESULTS: For the 217 children/adolescents with T1DM, the incidence rate of DKA was 77.9% (169/217). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high levels of random blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood ketone body, and triglyceride on admission were closely associated with the development of DKA in the children/adolescents with T1DM (OR=1.156, 3.20310¹⁵, 20.131, and 9.519 respectively; P<0.05). The nomogram prediction model had a C-statistic of 0.95, with a mean absolute error of 0.004 between the risk of DKA predicted by the nomogram model and the actual risk of DKA, indicating that the model had a good overall prediction ability. CONCLUSIONS High levels of random blood glucose, HbA1c, blood ketone body, and triglyceride on admission are closely associated with the development of DKA in children/adolescents with T1DM, and targeted intervention measures should be developed to reduce the risk of DKA.
Child ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications* ; Blood Glucose ; Glycated Hemoglobin ; Retrospective Studies ; Ketosis ; Risk Factors ; Ketone Bodies ; Triglycerides

OBJECTIVETo investigate the diagnostic value of serum islet autoantibody-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) and islet cell antibody (ICA) in patients with hepatogenic diabetes.

METHODSSerum GADA and ICA were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 217 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CH) or liver cirrhosis (LC). The positivity rate of GADA and ICA in different phases of CH and LC and their relations with diabetes mellitus were analyzed.

RESULTSThe positivity rate of the islet autoantibody in the circulation was 72% in CH and LC patients with diabetes mellitus and 30% in patients with normal glucose level, showing significant difference between the two patient groups (Chi2=36.620, P=0.000). CH patients with diabetes had much higher positivity rate for the antibody [52% than type 2 diabetic patients with liver dysfunction [8%, P<0.05]. The positivity rate was also much higher in CH and LC patients with lowered C peptide level [70%] than in those with normal C peptide level [40%, P<0.005].

CONCLUSIONBoth GADA and ICA have important value in the diagnosis of hepatogenic diabetes and may serve as indexed in laboratory test for distinguishing hepatogenic diabetes from type 2 diabetes.

Adult ; Autoantibodies ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; complications ; diagnosis ; immunology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; diagnosis ; immunology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Glutamate Decarboxylase ; immunology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; complications ; Humans ; Islets of Langerhans ; immunology ; Liver Cirrhosis ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of the autoantibodies against M(2)-muscarinic receptor (M(2)-receptor), beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (beta(1)-receptor) in the development of diabetic with refractory hypertension.

METHODSSerum autoantibodies against M(2) and beta(1) were detected by ELISA using synthesized epitopes of the second extracellular loop of M(2) receptor (169 - 193) and beta(1) receptor (197 - 222) in healthy controls (n = 40), diabetic patients (n = 62), diabetic patients with non-refractory hypertension (n = 55) and diabetic patients with refractory hypertension (n = 81).

RESULTSThe positive rates of the autoantibodies against M(2) receptor and beta(1) receptor were similar among healthy controls (15.0% and 17. 5%), diabetes mellitus patients (17.7% and 14.5%) and diabetic patients with non-refractory hypertension (16.4% and 12.7%) but are significantly higher in diabetic patients with refractory hypertension (64.2% and 55.6%, P < 0.01 vs. other 3 groups).

CONCLUSIONThis finding suggests that autoimmune mechanisms might play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic patients with refractory hypertension.

Adult ; Autoantibodies ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; blood ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Receptor, Muscarinic M2 ; immunology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo review the incident status of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus hospitalized in the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from 1999 to 2009 and to explore the clinical value of IL-10 in diabetic ketoacidosis.

METHODSThe clinical data of 263 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus hospitalized in the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 1999 to February 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Serum lipid levels were measured in 48 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in 24 healthy children. The diabetic children were classified into two subgroups, with or without ketoacidosis. Serum lipid and cytokines levels were compared.

RESULTSChildhood type 1 diabetes mellitus was common in females (56.3%). The peak incident age of the disease was between 6 and 11.9 years. Diabetic ketoacidosis was as the presenting symptom for the first visit in 86 cases (32.7%). The levels of serum lipid, blood glucose and HbA1c in diabetic children with ketoacidosis were significantly higher than those without ketoacidosis (P<0.05). Logistic analysis demonstrated that the increased levels of blood glucose, serum lipid and HbA1c were risk factors for diabetic ketoacidosis. The level of serum IL-10 in diabetic children with ketoacidosis was significantly higher than that in patients without ketoacidosis (P<0.01), while there were no differences in serum levels IL-2, IL4, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ between them. Serum levels IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ in diabetic children were significantly higher than those in healthy children (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSKetoacidosis is a common acute complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism are the risk factors for ketoacidosis in diabetic children. IL-10 may be a sensitive index of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; blood ; complications ; Diabetic Ketoacidosis ; blood ; diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; physiology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo investigate the perfusion restoration of type 1 diabetic mouse under the setting of surgically induced hind limb ischemia and the number and function of bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs).

METHODSForty mice were randomly divided into two groups: one group was injected with alloxan through tail vein to induce type 1 diabetes mellitus, and another group was set as control group. All mice were surgically induced to hind limb ischemia. Blood flow was monitored with Laser Doppler perfusion imaging for 4 weeks after artery ligation. Ten mice in each group were sacrificed and muscle tissues were harvested for histological detection. The remaining mice were sacrificed 7 days after surgery, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were harvested and EPCs were analyzed by flow cytometry and then were collected to culture for functional detection.

RESULTSAll mice received alloxan injection showed typical symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Restoration of blood flow was significantly slower in type 1 diabetic mice with lower level of vascular density in ischemic muscles than control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The number and function of EPCs (CD34 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 double positive cells) in type 1 diabetic mice were significantly lower than that in control mice (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe spontaneous angiogenesis is attenuated with a decreased number and function of EPCs in the setting of type 1 diabetes mellitus. This may partly explain why diabetic patients with peripheral artery diseases have more aggressive disease and poorer outcome.

Animals ; Antigens, CD34 ; analysis ; Cell Count ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; pathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; complications ; Hindlimb ; blood supply ; Ischemia ; complications ; physiopathology ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; chemistry ; Mice ; Reperfusion ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 ; analysis

OBJECTIVEUse laser confocal microscopy overspeed camera technique and fluorescence albumin labeling to study the acting mechanism of Qishen Yiqi Drop Pill (QYDP) for intervening irido-microangiopathy (IMAP) in diabetic rats.

METHODSRat model of diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ). The model rats were randomly divided into three groups, the treatment group, the model group and the control group. At the same time a normal control group was set up. The treatment group was medicated with QYDP (prepared into liquid form), and the control group with Duobeisi liquor (1 g/kg per day) for 10 months. The dynamic state of iris microcirculation in rats was observed using laser confocal microscopy overspeed camera.

RESULTSCompared with the treatment group, blood flow in iris of model rats was slower significantly (P < 0.01); the fluorescence density and leakage area of inside and outside iris vessels, and the iris vascular diameter were significantly higher in the model group than those in the treatment group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONQYDP has definite effect in improving iris microcirculation, which can accelerate the blood flow, inhibit the abnormal expansion of vessels and improve the increased iris micro-vascular permeability.

Animals ; Capillary Permeability ; drug effects ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; complications ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Iris ; blood supply ; Iris Diseases ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo observe the positive rates of autoantibodies against beta1 adrenergic receptors (beta1-receptor) and angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT(1)-receptor) in type 2 diabetes patients with or without hypertension.

METHODSThe epitopes of the second extracellular loop of beta1-receptor (197 - 222) and AT(1) receptor (165 - 191) were synthesized and serum autoantibodies were determined in type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension (n = 171) or without hypertension (n = 106). Left ventricular dimension was determined by echocardiography. The 24-hour urinary protein was measured by ELISA. The risk factors for enlarged left ventricle were analyzed by multiple logistic regressions.

RESULTSThe positive rates of the autoantibodies against beta1-receptors (45.0%) and AT(1)-receptor (46.2%) in patients with type 2 diabetes with hypertension were significantly higher than those in patients with type 2 diabetes without hypertension (16.0% and 10.4%, respectively, all P < 0.01). In type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension and enlarged left ventricle, the positive rates of the autoantibodies against beta1-receptor 61.4% (35/57) and against AT(1)-receptor 64.9% (37/57)were significantly higher than those in type 2 diabetes patients with normal left ventricular dimension (36.8%, 42/114 and 36.8%, 42/114, respectively, all P < 0.01). Regression analysis demonstrated that course of disease, systolic pressure, serum autoantibodies against beta1 adrenergic receptor and angiotensin II type 1 receptors sera autoantibodies were independent risk factors for left ventricular enlargement (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe serum beta1 and AT(1)-receptor autoantibodies are related to enlarged left ventricle in type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension and suggest that autoantibodies against beta1 and AT(1)-receptor might play important roles in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension and enlarged left ventricle.

Aged ; Autoantibodies ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; complications ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 ; immunology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 ; immunology