Literatures have demonstrated the association between oral diseases and systemic diseases. For example, periodontitis is associated with coronary heart disease, diabetes, preterm low birth weight, and gastritis. Therefore, more relevant research on the relationship between oral diseases and systemic diseases should be carried out.
Coronary Disease ; etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; etiology ; Gastritis ; etiology ; Humans ; Periodontitis ; complications ; Premature Birth ; etiology

INTRODUCTIONTo review the definitions of the metabolic syndrome according to various expert groups and assess their relevance to clinical practice.

MATERIALS AND METHODSMedline searches were conducted to identify studies which addressed: (i) the utility of the metabolic syndrome compared to multivariable predictive functions for the identification of individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), (ii) the importance and definition of obesity in the definition of the metabolic syndrome and (iii) the impact of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions designed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in those with and without the metabolic syndrome.

RESULTSAlthough inferior to multivariable risk scores in predicting T2DM and CVD, the metabolic syndrome represents a simple clinical tool, particularly for the prediction of T2DM. Obesity is not a critical component of the metabolic syndrome for identifying those at increased risk of CVD but may be important for predicting T2DM. If anything, pharmacological therapy, especially lipid lowering is as, if not more, effective in those with the metabolic syndrome than in those without.

CONCLUSIONSAlthough the metabolic syndrome appears to have limited utility for the identification of individuals at increased risk of T2DM or CVD, the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome presents an opportunity to rationalise health services to deliver coordinated care to those with metabolic syndrome.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; etiology ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; Obesity ; complications

Child ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; complications ; Epilepsy ; etiology ; Humans ; Male

Diabetes Mellitus ; etiology ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human ; complications ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance

Erectile dysfunction is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and the pathogenesis of diabetic erectile dysfunction is very complicated, involving neuropathy, neurotransmitters, vasculopathy, vasoactive mediators, metabolism, endocrine and so on. Diabetes mellitus can cause oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. This review aims at the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic erectile dysfunction.
Diabetes Complications ; metabolism ; Erectile Dysfunction ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Oxidative Stress

Aged ; Diabetes Insipidus ; etiology ; Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory ; complications ; Female ; Humans

Deafness ; Diabetes Complications ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Hearing Loss ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Humans

Cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 80% of deaths among individuals with diabetes mellitus, with diabetic cardiomyopathy as the major diabetic cardiovascular complication. Hyperglycemia is a symptom that abnormally activates multiple downstream pathways and contributes to cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, apoptosis, and other pathophysiological changes. Although glycemic control has long been at the center of diabetes therapy, multicenter randomized clinical studies have revealed that intensive glycemic control fails to reduce heart failure-associated hospitalization and mortality in patients with diabetes. This finding indicates that hyperglycemic stress persists in the cardiovascular system of patients with diabetes even if blood glucose level is tightly controlled to the normal level. This process is now referred to as hyperglycemic memory (HGM) phenomenon. We briefly reviewed herein the current advances that have been achieved in research on the underlying mechanisms of HGM in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/etiology* ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia/metabolism* ; Multicenter Studies as Topic

Cryoglobulinemia ; etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; etiology ; Fatty Liver ; etiology ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; complications ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; etiology

With the changes of life style, diabetes and its complications have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It is reasonable to anticipate a continued rise in the incidence of diabetes and its complications along with the aging of the population, increase in adult obesity rate, and other risk factors. Diabetic encephalopathy is one of the severe microvascular complications of diabetes, characterized by impaired cognitive functions, and electrophysiological, neurochemical, and structural abnormalities. It may involve direct neuronal damage caused by intracellular glucose. However, the pathogenesis of this disease is complex and its diagnosis is not very clear. Previous researches have suggested that chronic metabolic alterations, vascular changes, and neuronal apoptosis may play important roles in neuronal loss and damaged cognitive functions. Multiple factors are responsible for neuronal apoptosis, such as disturbed insulin growth factor (IGF) system, hyperglycemia, and the aging process. Recent data suggest that insulin/C-peptide deficiency may exert a primary and key effect in diabetic encephalopathy. Administration of C-peptide partially improves the condition of the IGF system in the brain and prevents neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of diabetic patients. Those findings provide a basis for application of C-peptide as a potentially effective therapy for diabetes and diabetic encephalopathy.
Animals ; Brain Diseases ; etiology ; C-Peptide ; deficiency ; physiology ; Cognition Disorders ; etiology ; Diabetes Complications ; etiology ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; etiology