Face ; surgery ; Hand Transplantation ; Humans ; Organ Transplantation ; Transplantation, Homologous

Objective To explore the clinical,imaging and pathologic features of hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis (HCP).Methods The clinical data of one HCP patient who treated in our hospital and other 77 HCP patients from literatures were analyzed retrospectively.Results The clinical manifestation of all the 78 HCP patients had chronic headache,multiple cranial nerves impairment.The secondary was psychiatric disorder(10.3%),ataxia(9.0%) and seizure disorder(6.4%).Hemiplegia,menorrhea and galactosis were found few.Headache was the first onset symptom in the 74 cases (94.9%).HCP was often misdiagnosed subarachnoid hemorrhage,hypotensive cranial pressure headache and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in early stage.MRI demonstrated local or diffused thickened dura,especially in cerebral falx and/or tentorium of cerebellum,which could be enhanced through reinforced scanning.Pathological evidence indicated an obvious proliferation of dura fiber tissue accompanied with inflammatory cells infiltration.Corticosteroid was effective to all the cases.Conclusions The clinical manifestation of HCP was multiplicity,but it mainly was chronic headache and multiple cranial nerves impairment.MRI demonstrates local or diffused thickened dura especially in cerebral falx and/or tentorium of cerebellum.MRI has an important significance for diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the prognosis and its influencing factors of post-encephalitic epilepsy ( PEE) .Methods Fifty viral encephalitis patients with PEE were followed up, which prognosis was observed by whether their no seizures for at least 1 year or not.The clinical data of patients was collected, and the relate risk factors on the poor prognosis of PEE were analyzed.Results The disturbance of consciousness and the seizure presence during acute encephalitis, more than ten seizures in poor prognosis group were much higner than the good one (all P<0.01).The age, sex, seizure type, dysphrenia and neurological defect in acute encephalitis, status epileptisus in acute encephalitis, abnormal EEG and abnormal head CT/MRI had no correlation with poor prognosis ( all P>0.05 ) .Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that disturbance of consciousness during acute encephalitis、seizures presence in acute encephalitis were independent risk factors of poor outcome in PEE ( OR=7.269,95%CI:1.22 -43.35,P=0.029;OR =22.893,95%CI:4.02 -130.43,P=0.000).Conclusion Disturbance of consciousness during acute encephalitis, seizure presence in acute encephalitis both are the single risk factors of poor prognosis in PEE.

Objective To investigate the influence of Levetiracetam(LEV) and Topiramate(TPM) on P-glycoprotein(P-gp) expression at brain in the epileptic rats.Methods The epileptic rat models were made with 1.5 ?g(3 ?l) Kainic acid stereotaxic injected into male SD rats' hippocampi(epilepsy group) and the control group rats were injected with 3 ?l normal saline(NS).The rats in epilepsy group(18 rats) and control group(15 rats) were randomized into TPM,LEV and NS subgroups(6 or 5 rats for each subgroup) to receive once-daily orally feeding of TPM(50 mg/kg),LEV(40 mg/kg) and NS(same amount NS) for 30 d.Immunohistochemistry(EnVision) was used to measure the level of P-gp exprssion in the rats brain.The level of P-gp expression was semi-quantitatively analyzed by mean integrated blue(MIB) value in Leica Qwin imaging analysis & measuring system.Results The expression levels(MIB value) of P-gp in hippocampus and temporal lobe in epilepsy subgroups were significantly higher than those in the corresponding control subgroups(P

Objective To investigate the expression of endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) mRNA in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and its clinical significance.Methods Blood samples from 40 patients with ACI (patient group) within 72 hours after the onset of ACI and 28 gender and age-matched healthy subjects (control group) were collected on admission. Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1) as well as the serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein,high density lipoprotein, apoA1, apoB, lipoprotein a and fasting plasma glucose in each sample were measured and analyzed. Additionally, semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to check the ECE mRNA level in the blood cells. European stroke scale (ESS) was used to evaluate ACI patients' neurological deficit on admission.Results (1) ECE mRNA could be detected in every blood sample from either patient group or control group. However, the ECE mRNA level increased significantly in the patient group compared with that in the control group (0.31?0.092 versus 0.25?0.10, t=2.46, P=0.016). (2) The plasma ET-1 concentration in patient group was also significantly higher than that of control subjects (183.27?56.63pg/ml versus 156.47?34.24 pg/ml, t=2.23, P=0.029). (3) Plasma ET-1 concentration was negatively correlated with ECE mRNA level in the control group (r=-0.452, P=0.021). However, the result in the patient group was not the same as the control group. (4) The ET-1 concentration and ECE mRNA level in the patients had histories of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and stroke were not significantly different from those in the patients without these histories. (5) No significant correlation existed between plasma ET-1 concentration and ECE mRNA level and age of the patient, ESS score, fasting plasma glucose and serum lipid. Conclusions ECE mRNA level is significantly increased in the early stage of ACI, which may be associated with the acute-phase reaction of cerebral infarction and may have deleterious effects on the development of neuronal injury. Our results suggest the protective reflection in the endothelin system of normal human body may be disturbed by the onset of ACI. The relationship between ECE mRNA level and neurological deficit degree, stroke risk factors is worthy for further study.

Objective To explore the influence and its efficacy of Tong-Xinluo capsule on plasma endothelin levels in the patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI).Methods 60 patients with ACI enrolled within 72 h of onset were allocated to Tong-Xinluo group(n=30) or control group(n=30) randomly.The control group was treated with Piracetam and aspirin,while Tong-Xinluo was provided 4 tablets tid for 30 d together with Piracetam and aspirin in the other group.Before and at 30th day after treatment,the patients were evaluated by European stroke scale(ESS) and activities of daily living(ADL),and the changes of ESS and ADL were served as the index of efficacy.The plasma level of endothelin-1(ET-1) was tested in the meanwhile.Results 30th day after treatment,there was a significant derease of ET-1 both in Tong-Xinluo group [(40.3?20.5)pg/ml] and control group [(31.5?14.7)pg/ml](P

Objective To investigate the prevalence of adult epileptic patients with interictal depression symptoms(IDs) and identify early predictors of IDs. Methods Adult patients with epilepsy were recruited ( n =110,45 females and 65 males) ,age between 16 and 67 years ( median 24 years). The sociodemographic and clinical factors of patients were recorded. Hamilton Depression Scale ( HAMD ) were applied to evaluate interictal symptoms of depression ( at least 72 hours after the last epileptic seizure). According to HAMD score,the epileptic patients were divided into IDs ( ≥8 ) and non-IDs(＜8) groups. The sociodemographic and clinical factors were compared between the two groups to identify the prevalence and early predictors of IDs in adult epileptic patients.Results The prevalence of IDs in adult patients with epilepsy was 38.2% ,49.0% in active epilepsy and 12.1 %in seizure freedom. 30.0% ,5.5% ,and 2.7% were experiencing mild-to-moderate (HAMD score≥8),moderateto-severe ( ≥ 18 ) and severe ( ≥25 ) depression. 42 patients who met the HAMD score≥8 were classified as IDs group,and the remaining 68 patients were classified as non-IDs group. With multiple stepwise backward logistic regreasion, independent predictors of IDs were epileptic seizures ( OR = 8. 845, P = 0. 003 ); symptomatic or cryprogenic epilepsy ( OR = 3.132, P = 0. 045 ); prolonged duration of illness ( OR = 1. 106, P = 0.004 ) and employment status (OR =0. 154, P=0.001 ). There were no relationship between seizure frequency and severity of IDs ( Kruskal-Wallis test, x2 = 4.5, P = 0. 104). Conclusion IDs is a frequent psychiatric comorbidity in adult patients with epilepsy. The prevalence of IDs is higher in those with active epilepsy compared with those in seizure freedom and most of them are mild-to-moderate. Epileptic seizure, symptomatic or cryprogenic epilepsy, prolonged duration of illness and employment status are independent predictors of IDs, but seizure frequency has nothing to do with the IDs severity of patients.

Objective To assess the neuropsychological characteristics in active epileptic patients and investigate itsrisk factors. Methods Ninety adult epileptic patients included 60 active epileptic patients (two or more unprovoked seizures within 12 months) and 30 age-, sex-, education-, course of disease- and seizure type-matched seizure-free subjects (without epileptic seizure for at least 1 year) . The neuropsychological tests including trail making test,digit symbol test, verbal fluency test,digit span test and hamilton depression scale( HAMD) ,were used to detect mental and motor speed, attention, language, working memory and depression symptoms respectively. The neuropsychological tests were compared between active and seizure-free epileptic patients and identified the risk factors of neuropsychological deficits in active epileptic patients. Results Compared to seizure-free subjects, active epileptic patients had significantly worse scores in digit symbol test, verbal fluency test, digit span test ((47.45 ±18. 812) vs(56.40 ±13. 631), (25. 25 ±8. 163) vs(30.40 ±8. 414), (10. 39 ±2. 228) vs( 11. 80 ± 2.074) respectively) ; more time to accomplish the trail making test A and B((64. 35 ±31.710) vs( 45. 47 ± 16. 309) , ( 133. 18 ± 47. 331 ) vs ( 98. 00 ± 35. 003 ) respectively) ; and higher scores in depressive symptoms ((9.12 ±6.219)vs(3.77 ±3.997) ,all P<0.05). Within active epileptic group,significant predictors of neuropsychological deficits were identified in a stepwise linear regression analysis: advancing age was significantly negatively correlated with digit symbol test(β = -0. 468, P = 0. 000) , digit span test (β = -0. 439, P = 0. 000), trail making test A (β =0.365, P = 0.003) and B(β = 0.346, P=0.002) ; higher scores on depressive symptoms was significantly negatively correlated with digit symbol test (β = -0.244, P = 0.015) ; mental work,high-education level and monotherapy were positively correlated with some of the cognitive function subscales. Conclusion This study suggests that active epilepsy can have a direct adverse effect on cognition and depression symptoms. Multi-drug therapy, severity of depression symptoms, advancing age, low-education level and non-mental work are the predictors of neuropsychological impairment in active epilepsy. In addition, good seizure control even after 1 year can have a beneficial impact on cognitive and depression prognosis.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is composed by multiple enzymes which are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and plays an essential role in a variety of biological processes. As key members of the protein degradation enzymatic system, the function of E3 ubiquitin ligases has been extensively investigated. BMP and TGF-? are critical molecules that regulate proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblasts and chondrocytes through different signaling pathways. Resent findings indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome system functions as a key regulator in bone cells and the E3 ligase mediates the proteolytic degradation of critical molecules in BMP and TGF-? signaling pathways. Recent progress on studies of HECT domain E3 ligase, Smurf, in osteoblasts and chondrocytes were summarized. The regulatory role of Smurf1 and Smurf2 in BMP and TGF-? signaling and osteoblast and chondrocyte function has been reviewed.

Aim To observe the neuroprotective effect of platelet activating factor receptor antagonist Kadsurenone on rat brain with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.Methods Animal model was established through middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).we studied the changes of infarct volume,NAA and Lactate in Kadsurenone-treated group with DWI and()~1H-MRS examination after cerebral ischemia 60 min and reperfusion 1,3,6 h.Results Significant reductions in infarct volume were found in the Kadsurenone-treated group as well as in the Ginkgolides-treated group compared with the control group.And Kadsurenone decreased the concentration of lactate and prevented the decline of the concentration of NAA after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.Conclusion As platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists,both Kadsurenone and Ginkgolides show remarkable neuroprotective effect.And MRI offers exact neuroimaging information for studying the neuroprotective meachnism of Chinese traditional medicine after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.