Sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) refers to the percentage of DNA strand breaks in the total sperm. Many studies suggest that elevated DFI can lead to male infertility and early spontaneous abortion. High-DFI patients are more likely to fail in assisted reproduction and preliminary treatment or prevention methods have been developed for this population. This review focuses on the impact of DFI on clinical pregnancy outcomes and progress in the studies of its treatment.
Abortion, Spontaneous ; Chromatin ; DNA Fragmentation ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Spermatozoa

To explore the regularity for the multiplication of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 in large-scale microcarrier-based MDCK cell culture system, and to determine the optimal proliferation conditions. H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus was inoculated into the MDCK cell growing on 24 well plate, and the HA titers of virus at different time were detected in the conditions of different infectious doses,different concentrations of TPCK- trypsin and different pH. The optimal conditions were determined. Then the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus was grown in microcarrier-based MDCK cell in 250mL and 5L roller bottles. It was demonstrated that high viruse yield with a hemagglutination unit of 9 log2(1:512) could be obtained under the optimal conditions of multiplication . The result indicated the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus could be produced in microcarrier-based MDCK cell in a large-scale culture system with a high virus yield and demonstrates the feasibility of the development of mammalian cell-based in influenza vaccine in microcarrier culture systems.

Objective To evaluate the consistency and accuracy among 3 brands of flow cytometers (BriCyte E6,BD FACSCanto Ⅱ and Beckman Coulter FC 500) in the detection of lymphocyte subsets.Methods According to the methodology,the BriCyte E6 was compared with 2 flow cytometers commonly used in clinical detection.Seventy-three cases (40 male and 33 female) of anticoagulation peripheral blood specimens were collected in the clinical laborartory department of Xinhua Hospital in July 2015 and the percentage (％) and absolute number (#) of the lymphocyte subsets were detected by 3 different flow cytometers within samples collected 4 h.Results There were good consistency among the 3 flow cytometers (R2 ＞0.95,R2 from 0.969 5 to 0.992 4) in the detection of lymphocyte subsets percentage,so did in the detection of absolute number (R2 ＞ 0.95,R2 from 0.969 1 to 0.993 3).As to the precision evaluation,in the detectionof CD8％,T#,CD4+ T# and CD8+ T#,BriCyte E6 achieved a low CV％ compared with FACSCanto Ⅱ and FC 500 (Friedman statistics are 16.720,11.840,15.760 and 15.430,P =0.000 2,0.027,0.000 4,0.000 4,respectively).In the detection of T％,CD4％,NK％,B％,NK#,B#,there was no significant difference among the 3 flow cytometers (Friedman statistics are 4.242,3.916,0.852,2.595,1.835 and 0.578,P =0.119 9,0.141 2,0.653 2,0.273 3,0.399 6,0.749 0,respectively).Conclusions The 3 flow cytometers have a good consistency in the detection of lymphocyte subsets.BriCyte E6 may be an alternative or complement of existing flow cytometers.

Objective To report a case of primary breast T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia (T-LBL/ALL) and study its clinico-pathological features and treatment,to improve the recognition of T-LBL/ ALL.Methods A case of primary breast T-LBL/ALL was reported and reviewed the literatures.Results The female patient was 17 years old,was diagnosed as primary breast T-LBL/ALL who presented with multiple bilateral breast masses and left axillary lymph node enlargement for two months.The patient was treated with modified BFM-90 and achieved complete remission.The patient was in complete remission 12 months after diagnosis at present and till in follow-up.Conclusion Primary breast T-LBL/ALL is very rare and highly aggressive with bad prognosis.T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia chemotherapy regimens is often effective.

The kinetics of batch and fed-batch cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli to produce humanlike collagen were investigated. Through examining the density of substrate and the amount of mushrooms and the density of products during the process of fermenting, a set of kinetic models are set up. The influence of cell without plasmid was considered. The results show that the kinetic model may well simulate the fermenting process.

Since the People's Republic China founded,especially over the last 15 years,maternal mortality rate (MMR) has fallen dramatically.In 2014,China has achieved the target of a reduction of 75％ MMR from 1990 to 2015 (MDG5) ahead of schedule.This achievement can be attributed to the improvement of legislation and policy,government commitment and investment on maternal health,extensive international cooperation,implementation of the maternal health program,development of maternal and child health (MCH) service system and development of MCH surveillance systems.Although China has achieved MDG5,there are many kinds of difficulties and challenges in achieving the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Therefore,multi-strategy actions need to be considered to seize the opportunities to further reduce the MMR in the future.

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of Legacy pedicle screw system plus minimally invasive technique in treatment of Tile type C pelvic fracture and evaluate its therapeutic effects.MethodsFrom January 2008 to March 2010, 12 patients with closed Tile type C pelvic fractures were treated with Legacy pedicle screw system plus minimally invasive technique.There were seven males and five females, at age range of 21-60 years (average 39.6 years).All patients had sacrum fractures of the posterior pelvic rings.The anterior pelvic ring fractures included unilateral ischiadic ramus fractures in four patients and bilateral ischiadic ramus fractures in eight.Three patients were combined with shock.The anterior pelvic rings were fixed with minimally invasive reconstruction plates and the posterior pelvic rings fixed with minimally invasive technique plus Legacy pedicle screw system.ResultsThe operation lasted for average 90 minutes (range, 80-110 minutes) , with average intraoperative blood loss of 105 ml (range, 80-150 ml).All patients were followed up for average 18 months (range, 6-32 months), which showed that all patients got satisfactory reductions and that the fractures were healed at one stage, with average period of 11.5 weeks (range, 9-13 weeks).There occurred no infections, failures of internal fixations or nerve injuries.According to improved Lindahl standard of pelvic injury function assessment, the result was excellent in 10 patients and good in two, with average score of 78.6 points.Conclusions Under master of the surgical indications, Legacy pedicle screw system plus minimally invasive technique takes advantages of minor trauma, less intraoperative fluoroscopy, short operation time, good curative resuhs and few complications in treatment of Tile type C pelvic fractures by fixation of the posterior pelvic rings and reconstruction of the anterior pelvic rings.

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of normal sacral nerve root transposition in repair of the sacral plexus root avulsion. Methods A total of 30 adult SD rats were chosen and divided into three groups,ie,group A(the sciatic nerve received no repair),group B(the autologous sacral plexus root nerve was bridged with the right L6 nerve root by the translocation of the left L6)and group C (the right L5 nerve root nerve was bridged by the translocation of the left L6),10 rats per group.The left side of the rats was used as the control side and the right one as the experimental side.Twelve weeks after operation,the rats in each group were selected for the histomorphological observation of the nerves under the microscope and the electron microscope.The models were evaluated by observing the survival rates of the rats,BBB scores,electron microscope weight and muscle fiber CSA(cross section area)of double biceps femoris,triceps surae and tibial muscle. Results Twelve weeks after operation,the BBB scores in groups B and C was higher than that in group A,with statistical difference(P<0.01)between three groups.A remarkable improvement was found in the ratio of weight and muscle fiber CSA of double biceps femoris,triceps surse and tibial muscle.The repair efficiency in the group C was better than that in the group B.In the group B,the biceps femoris,triceps surae and tibial muscle recovered at different degrees.The biceps femoris recovered the best,when a great deal of myelinated nerve fiber regeneration was observed under the microscope and the electromicroscope.Electromyography revealed the volatility in the muscles of three groups,with larger peak value for the proximal biceps femoris and the triceps muscle but smaller peak value for the distal anterior tibial muscle. Conclusions L6 transposition combined with auto-graft of nerve root or without the auto-graft can reconstruct the partial function of the sciatic nerve in the paraplegia rats,when the latter has the better effect.

Objective To Investigate correlation between screening assay of human papillomavirus (HPV) and microbial pathogens in gynecology. Methods Cervical samples were collected to search for HPV, bacteria and yeast infections in gynecologic outpatients. HPV typing was carried out by PCR and sequencing on cervical brush specimens. Chlamydia trachomatis was identified by strand displacement amplification (SDA) and the other microorganisms were detected by conventional methods. All data were analyzed to investigate the correlation among them. Results In this cross-sectional study, among 857 enrolled outpatients, there were 266 cases with positive HPV DNA, and the rate of infection was 31.0%(266/857). HPV genotype showed that thirty-five different HPV types were identified, of which HPV16 was the most prevalent ( 14.5%, 38/262), followed by HPV58 (9.2%, 24/262), HPV53 (8.0%, 21/262)and HPV42 (6.1%, 16/262); while other genotypes were present in less than 5% of HPV positive women.According to the reclassification, the aggregated percentage (high-risk and probably high-risk) of detected HPV was 58.8% ( 154/262), 27.9% (73/262) for low-risk and 13.4% (35/262) for unknown-risk HPV types. Among HPV positive women, cervical brush specimens results showed that more than 60% cases with normal cytology, 3.8% (10/266) with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 29. 7% (79/266) with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and 3.0% (8/266) with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), respectively. Statistical analyses revealed there was a significant association between the infected HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum ( >10000 CCU/ml; all P <0.01), while no correlation was found between HPV infection and bacterial vaginosis, streptococcus agalactiae, candida, Trichomonas vaginalis or Ureaplasma urealyticum ( ≤ 10000CCU/ml; all P > 0.05 ). Among the cases with bacterial vaginosis, the positive rate of HPV infected was42.6%. Chlamydia trachomatis was one of the high-risk factors for the infection of HPV ( OR = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.74 -4.57). Mycoplasma hominis was isolated only in 2 cases, no patient was infected with Neisseria gonorrhocae. Conclusions Although bacterial vaginosis was not significantly associated with HPV, it was more common among the HPV positive women. There is the significant association between HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum which may be increase the infection of HPV. These data suggest that it may be important to screen for the simultaneous presence of different microorganisms which may have synergistic pathological effects.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) at Neiguan (PC6) and Lieque (LU7) on the expression of protein kinases in cardiomyocytes of myocardial ischemia (MI) rats.

METHODSHealthy male SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, the Neiguan point group, the Lieque point group, and the non-meridian non-acupoint group, 10 in each group by random digit table. The MI rat model was established by injecting isoprenaline hydrochloride (85 mg/kg). EA at Neiguan (PC6), Lieque (LU7), and non-meridian non-acupoint were respectively performed. Changes of the expression of protein kinases [such as protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase G (PKG)] in rat cardiomyocytes were observed using Western blot.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, expression levels of PKA, PKC, and PKG increased obviously in the model group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, expression levels of PKA, PKC, and PKG decreased in the Neiguan point group and the Lieque point group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Expression levels of PKA decreased in the non-meridian non-acupoint group (P < 0.01). Compared with the Neiguan point group, expression levels of PKA, PKC, and PKG increased in the non-meridian non-acupoint group and the Lieque point group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Compared with the Lieque point group, expression levels of PKA, PKC, and PKG increased in the non-meridian non-acupoint group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEA at Neiguan (PC6) and Lieque (LU7) could decrease protein expression levels of PKA, PKC and PKG in rat myocardial cells, and the effect of acupuncture at Neiguan (PC6) was better than that obtained by EA at Lieque (LU7).

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Animals ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Electroacupuncture ; Male ; Meridians ; Myocardial Ischemia ; metabolism ; therapy ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; Protein Kinases ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley