AIM: To study the inhibitory effect of captopril on retinal neovascularization (RNV).METHODS: Sixty seven-day-old mice were randomly divided into treated group and control group with thirty mice in each group. These mice were exposed to 750 50mL/L oxygen for 5 days and then to room air.The treated group had been injected captopril (2.7mL/kg), while control group had been injected 9g/L sodium chloride (2.7mL/kg) by intravitreal for 5 days.The mice were sacrificed at the 17th day after birth and the eyes were enucleated. Adenosine diphosphate-ase(ADPase) stained retina flat-mounts was performed to assess the retinal vascular profiles, Hematoxylin Eosin (HE)staining method was applied to count the number of new vascular cell nuclei and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF)was detected by immunohistochemical method.RESULTS: Comparing with control group,regular distributions and good branch and reduced density of RNV were observed in the treated group. The number of nucleus of new vessels vascular endothelial cells breaking through the internal limiting membrane was less in the treated group than in the control group (P<0.05). Stain of retinal MMP-2 was weaker in the treated group than in the control group and stain of retinal PEDF was stronger in the treated group than in the control group.CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of captopril (2.7mL/kg) may block the RNV in the oxygen-induced mouse model and may provide an effective method for prevent-ing RNV.

In patients with a functional gut,enteral nutrition is the preferred route of nutrition support.The favorable effects of enteral nutrition include prevention of mucosal atrophy,maintaining of the integrity of gut flora,and improvement of immunocompetence.The guidlines recommend EN be withheld in patients requiring significant hemodynamic support,because of highdose catecholamine agents which could reduce EN tolerance.Splanchnic perfusion is reduced in sepsis shock,yet vasoactive agents have demonstrated both improved and diminished perfusion.Inadequate perfusion increases the risk of experiencing rare but serious adverse events.This study summarizes the tolerability and safety of enteral nutritionin in critically iH patients with hemodynamic instability and provides theoretical basis for the early administration of EN.

Objective To investigate the stability of 1% lauromacrogol foam sclerosant prepared with different liquid-to-air ratio in order to find out the optimal liquid-to-air ratio. Methods According to Tessari technique, two 10 ml disposable plastic syringes and one three-way plastic stopcock were used to mix 1%lauromacrogol with room air, and liquid-to-air ratios from 1∶1 to 1∶9 were separately employed to make the preparation of the foam sclerosant. Each kind of liquid-to-air ratio was used to separately make bubbles for 5 times, the foam half-life time (FHT), the foam drainage time (FDT) and the foam coalescence time (FCT) were recorded, and their mean values were calculated. The optimal liquid-to-air ratio was defined as the intermediate values of all the above measured indexes. Results When the liquid-to-air ratio was 1 ∶ 1, 1 ∶2, 1 ∶ 3, 1 ∶ 4, 1 ∶ 5, 1 ∶ 6, 1 ∶ 7, 1 ∶ 8 and 1 ∶ 9, the FHT of 1% lauromacrogol foam sclerosant was 184.8, 169.3, 135.9, 110.8, 111.5, 92.6, 76.3, 74.7 and 49.9 seconds respectively; the FDT was 10.6, 17.8, 14.6, 13.7, 13.0, 12.3, 10.7, 11.5 and 12.6 seconds respectively; while the FCT was 108.4, 79.8, 41.8, 20.3, 10.4, 0, 0, 0 and 0 seconds respectively. Conclusion Based on Tessari technique, the indoor air, two 10 ml disposable plastic syringes and one three-way plastic stopcock are used to prepare 1%lauromacrogol foam sclerosant, and the optimal liquid-to-air ratio is 1 ∶ 2.

Objective To explore the teaching effect ofOrgan-system-based curriculum in-tegrated model on clinical graduation field work. Method 150 clinical medical undergraduates of Grade 2009 from Shenyang Medical College selected, were randomly divided into the experimental group (75 persons) and the control group (75 persons). The experimental group adopted the means of the Organ-system-based curriculum integrated model, namely practicing according to human organ-system and the control group accepted the traditional pattern of discipline centered practice during the clinical graduation internship. The two groups of students carried out questionnaire survey and comprehend examinations when the practice ended, and then statistics analysis (the chi square test, t test) was done by the SPSS 19.0 software between the two groups in order to explore the teaching effect. Result The students' satisfaction degree from six aspects of the questionnaire survey showed in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (the degree of recognition of practicing pattern: χ2=11.437, P=0.003; the architectonic integrality: χ2=9.881, P=0.007; the im-provement of the autonomic learning ability χ2=9.643, P=0.008; the teaching method and means: χ2=11.006, P=0.004; motivating learning interest: χ2=13.550, P=0.001; increasing the ability of clinical thinking: χ2=13.309, P=0.001), and the average test scores of students from three parts of examination results showed by comprehend examinations (speculative knowledge examination: t=2.768, P=0.006;technical skill examination: t=2.212, P=0.029; clinical capability examination: t=5.015, P=0.000) in the experimental group was obviously higher than that in the control group and the difference was sig-nificant. Conclusion Organ-system-based curriculum integrated model on clinical graduation in-ternship is generally approved by the students, which has significantly improved the students' clinical thinking ability, and the quality of graduation internship teaching.

Objective To explore a reliable method of 70% hepatectomy model in liver fibrosis mice. Methods Sixty-six C57BL6 mice were randomly devided into control group (n=6), the traditional group (n=30, ligation and removal liver lobe) and improved group (n=30, removal of liver lobe after blocking blood flow). Those 60 mice were induced liver fibrosis firstly, then randomly divided into six mice in each group, and were sacrificed at preoperative, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after liver resection. Liver tissues and blood samples were collected. The survival rate and incidence of complications were recorded and compared between two groups. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured to observe the liver injury after 70%hepatectomy. The ratio of liver weight to body weight and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were also measured to observe the difference of liver regeneration between the two groups. Results (1) Compared to the pathological control group, liver fibrosis model was established successfully in both traditional group and improved group, which can be used in 70%hepatectomy. So the follow-up experiment can be undertook timely. (2) Compared to traditional group, the survival rate was improved significantly in improved group (96.67%vs. 73.33%), and the incidence of complications was significantly lower (P<0.05). (3) The ALT and AST levels were higher 12 h and 24 h after operation in traditional group than those of improved group (P<0.05), while ALT and AST levels were increased first 12 h after operation and then decreased in both groups (P<0.05). (4) The liver/body weight ratio showed a decreasing trend 12 h after hepatectomy in two groups. The expression of PCNA increased at the beginning of postoperative, and reached its peak at 48 h (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference at each time point between the two groups. Conclusion By blocking blood flow to establish 70% hepatectomy model in liver fibrosis mice, we can significantly improve the success rate of the model, and reduce the incidence of complications.

Objective To study the promoting effects and mechanisms of interleukin-22 on liver regeneration in GCl4-induced liver fibrosis mice after partial hepatectomy.Methods One hundred and fortyfour C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into four groups:PHX group,CCl4 group,CCl4 + PHX group,and CCl4 + IL22 + PHX group.The blood samples were taken to measure serum ALT and AST levels.ALT /AST was calculated to observe the liver injury at 3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h after hepatectomy.The liver tissue specimens were collected at each time point after hepatectomy.We measured the hepatic lobe to calculate the liver weight ratio and conducted pathological examinations to observe the degree of fibrosis and pathological changes at each time point.The positive expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in liver tissue was tested by immunohistochemistry.The level of CyclinD1 and STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling pathway was detected by Western blot.Results (1) Compared with CCl4 + PHX group,the ALT/AST ratio of CCl4 + IL22 + PHX group was significantly higher at 24 h,48 h and 72 h,and the level of ALB of CCl4 + IL22 + PHX group was obviously increased at 48 h and 72 h (P ＜ 0.05).(2) The liver regeneration was significantly increased in CCl4 + IL22 + PHX group.Compared with CCl4 + PHX group (2.08 ± 0.16,2.77 ± 0.07,2.97 ± 0.14),the liver weight ratio of CCl4 + IL22 + PHX group(2.34 ± 0.07,3.23 ± 0.09,3.55 ± 0.09) dramatically increased at 24 h,48 h and 72 h.Moreover,the pathological sections displayed that the disease was alleviated (P ＜ 0.05).(3) Immunohistochemical assay and western blot revealed that compared with other three groups,the level of PCNA,STAT3 and Cyclin D1 was significantly lower in the CCl4 + PHX group.However,the level of PCNA,STAT3 and Cyclin D1 apparently increased in CCl4 + IL22 + PHX group at 24 h,48 h and 72 h (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Interleukin-22 may significantly promote liver regeneration and reduce liver pathological injury in liver fibrosis mice induced by administration of CCl4 after hepatectomy,which plays a positive role in the recovery of liver function.

AlM: To explore the expression and significance of cysteine- rich 61 ( CCN1/Cyr61 ) in oxygen - induced retinal neovascularization ( RNV) of mice and study the inhibition effect of CCN1 specific siRNA on RNV.
METHODS:Two hundred healthy C57BL/6J mice were chosen and randomly divided into control group, hyperxia group, hyperxia control group and CCN1 treated group, with 50 mice in each group. The hyperxia control group was treated with vector plasmids by intravitreal injection. The CCN1 treated group received CCN1 siRNA recombinant plasmids by intravitreal injection. Adenosine diphosphate-ase ( ADPase) stained retina flat-mounts was performed to assess the retinal vascular profiles, HE staining was applied to count the number of vascular endothelial cell nuclei breaking through the internal limiting membrane, protein and mRNA level expression of CCN1 were measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR.
RESULTS: There were large nonperfusion area and a large number of vascular endothelial cell nuclei breaking through the internal limiting membrane ( 25. 25 ± 1. 26;23. 12 ± 1. 16 ) in the hyperxia group and the hyperxia control group. Regions of nonperfusion and vascular endothelial cell nuclei (8. 47±1. 15) were decreased in the CCN1 treated group compared to the hyperxia group and the hyperxia control group. Compared with the control group, there were high protein and mRNA expression of CCN1 in the hyperxia group and the hyperxia control group. The expression of CCN1 protein and mRNA were decreased in the CCN1 treated group compared with the hyperxia group and hyperxia control group (all P<0. 05).
CONCLUSlON: The abnormal expression of CCN1 has close relation with RNV. The development of RNV can be markedly inhibited by RNA interference targeting CCN1, which, we believe, will provide new molecular targets and a rationale for clinical developing new strategy for ROP therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sub-acute oral effect of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles on the oxidation/antioxidation biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines in blood, liver, intestine, and colon in rats. METHODS: Twenty four 4-week-old clean-grade Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly devided into 4 groups by body weight (n=6, control, low, middle, and high), in which the rats were orally exposed to TiO₂ nanoparticles at doses of 0, 2, 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight/day for 28 consecutive days separately. Food intake, body weight and abnormal behaviors during the experiment were recorded. The rats were euthanized on the 29th day. The blood was collected via abdominal aortic method and centrifuged to collect the serum. Tissues from liver, intestine and colon were collected and homogenated. Then enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and microwell plate methods were used to detect oxidation/antioxidation biomarkers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total mercapto (T-SH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), malomdialdehvde (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the serum, liver, intestine and colon in the rats. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, no significant differences in body weight, food intake and organ coefficients were observed in all the three groups after TiO₂ gavage. No significant changes in GSH, GSH-Px, T-SH, and IL-6 were observed. Compared with the control group, significant increase of SOD activity in serum in high dose group, signi-ficant increase of GSSG concentration in intestine in middle and high dose group and significant increase of MDA concentration in liver in low and high dose group were observed. Compared with the control group, a significant increase of TNF-α in liver in middle and high dose group was observed. CONCLUSION TiO₂ nanoparticle can increase antioxidant enzymes activities in blood, increase oxidative biomarkers in liver and intestine, increase inflammatory cytokines in liver in rats after a 28-day sub-acute orally administration. Among blood, liver, intestine, and colon, liver is most sensitive to the toxicity induced by TiO₂ nanoparticles, followed by intestine, blood, and colon in sequence.
Animals ; Antioxidants ; Biomarkers ; Cytokines ; Nanoparticles ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Titanium

The chemical constituents isolated from Desmodium species (Leguminosae) included terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids compounds. Modem pharmacological studies have showed that the Desmodium species have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, analgesic and choleretic activity. This article mainly has reviewed the research advances of chemical constituents and biological activities of Desmodium species since 2003.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Fabaceae ; chemistry ; Humans

Objective To establish a method focusing on regulation of CNN3 gene in the rat hippocampus and help to explore the role of CNN3 gene played in the brain physiology and pathology.Methods One cDNA sequence and three shRNAs targeting CNN3 gene were designed and synthesized.The recombinant lentivirus-mediated expressing and three short hairpin RNA ( shRNA) vectors targeting CNN3 gene in the rats were constructed with engineering technology.All recombinant vectors were intravenously injected into rats hippocampi guided by stereotaxic apparatus.Western blot was performed to explore the best shRNA and to study the changes of CNN3 gene in the rat hippocampus after transfection with the silence and over-expressed vectors.Results The lentivirus-mediated vector expressing CNN3-OE and three shRNA vectors targeting CNN3 gene were successfully constructed.Within eight weeks after transfection, the vectors of CNN3-OE and three CNN3-shRNAs changed the expression of CNN3 gene in the rat hippocampus, in particular, all the protein levels of calponin-3 encoded by CNN3 gene were significantly down-regulated along with the time, with the highest inhibitory rate of 73.6%in the CNN3-shRNA2 group.Significant up-regulation of calponin-3 protein level by 93.88%, was found only on the 14th day after transfection.Conclusions Lentivirus-mediated vectors of CNN3-OE and CNN3-shRNAs may regulate in vivo the CNN3 gene level in the local brain region of rats via stereotactic injection.The study lays a foundation for disease prevention and treatment in the future.