As an important resource for a country to participate in international high-tech competition in the bio-pharma-ceutical field, clinical research resources play a key role in the multi-center clinical research and the translation from basic research to clinical practice.China has a large population and diverse diseases, but chinical disease research relevant policies and regulations are imperfect.In contrast, the United States has perfect laws and regulations related to clinical research.By comparatively analyzing the disease resource, platform support and regulatory environment between China and the U.S., this article offers suggestions on the development of clinical research resources so as to facilitate the clinical research in China.

In October 2015 ,the White House issued a New Strategy for American Innovation which was also concerned with precision medicine initiative , BRAIN initiative and health care .This paper introduces the background , main content and developments of this new strategy ,hoping to facilitate the development of healthcare in China .

Objective: To describe the status of the basic public health service in township health centers, analyze the resource allocation which influences the supply of basic public health service. Methods: The data is based on monitoring project surveys collected by the health statistical information center, Spss13.0 and Excellare applied to make descriptive statistic analysis. Results:Overall, basic public health service has been carried out well in each area, but there are differences among the application rates of different basic public health service items; basic public health service can be effected by the level of basic public health input and the number of public health workers.

To guide and encourage medical students to do grass-roots work,we need to strengthen the functions of the government work and employment guidance of medical colleges.Also,we have to improve the employment system of primary health care units and help students change their concepts about employment.

Objective: The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015) includes 584 plant medicines, of which 284 also contain high quality subsets, so called “Daodi” components, where Daodi denotes superior clinical properties compared to non-Daodi counterparts despite being sourced from the same species. Commercial and clinical drivers of selection for Daodi have been described elsewhere. Our objective is to investigate the overall composition of Daodi to determine in what ways medicines with Daodi as a whole differ from the other plants of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. A further objective is to characterise the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Daodi in terms of the plant species including their traits and distribution. Methods: We used trait analysis to identify whether Daodi species were significantly different from the remaining Chinese Pharmacopoeia plant species in any traits. We used biogeographic methods and an existing classification of Daodi into 10 regions to identify spatial patterns amongst the species. Regression and binomial analyses were used to test for over- and under-use of plant families and endemic species. Preferences for lineages were visualized using phylogenetic mapping. Results: We found that Daodi species (species with any Daodi subset) were more likely to be roots that are “hot” or “warm” and less likely to be “oxic” according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concepts. Roots were over-represented in the Bei region, and whole plants over-represented in Guang. Both the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Daodi indicated preferences for families not common in previously studied ethnopharmacopoeias, and fewer endemic species were represented than expected by chance. Conclusion: Using the phylogenetic and biogeographical methods, we highlighted patterns of plant use, and the biological characters of Daodi medicinal plants. Our study points towards cultural preferences in need of scientific explanation.

Objective To research the effect of poria cocos on the immune function of mice.Methods We filled the stomaches of mice with 100% water extract of poria cocos regularly and tested the ability of antibody-forming cells of mice,specific rosette forming cells(SRFC) and serum immunoglobulin(IgG).Results The immune function of poria cocos group improved remarkably compared with control group(P

Chikungunya virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; China ; Genome, Viral ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA

BACKGROUND:Conventional therapies for lumbar spondylolisthesis can result in trauma,bleeding and low back pain.With the vigorous development of spinal biomechanics and novel spinal fixation systems,we have more understanding on the reduction and fusion after spondylolisthesis.OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical effects of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusionvia the quadrant system on lumbar spondylolisthesis and related biomechanical changes.METHODS:A retrospective analysis was done in 23 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusionviathe quadrant system admitted from June 2012 to September 2013.Oswestry disability index and visual analog scale score were detected at 3 months and 1 year after treatment,as wel as fusion conditions and internal fixation with or without loosening or breakage.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Al patients were successfuly treated,with no cerebrospinal fluid leakage and nerve injury.Incisions were healed wel in al cases except one case suffered from incision infection that wascontroled after 10 days of antibiotic treatment.Al the patients were folowed up.The Oswestry disability indexes and visual analog scale scores were significantly improved at 3 months and 1 year after treatment (P ＜0.05),but there was no difference in these two scores at 3 months and 1 year after treatment (P＞0.05).The improvement rates of Oswestry disability index and visual analog scale score were (65.3±14.8)％and (58.2±12.0)％,respectively.These findings indicate that the transforaminal lumbar interbody fusionvia the quadrant system is safe and effective to correct lumbar spondylolisthesis,maintains the biomechanical stability,improves patient's symptoms,reduces the incidence of low back pain and improves the quality of life.

Objective To assess the changes in frequency of peripheral T lymphocytes expressing different cytokines in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) before and after treatment with BCG-PSN and their relationship with disease severity. Methods A randomized, double blinded and placebo cross-over control study was conducted. A total of 8 patients with AD were recruited in this study. Intramuscular BCG-PSN or placebo was given to patients every other day for 36 days. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the frequency of IL4-, IL5-, IFN-γ- and TNFα-expressing peripheral CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells before and after the therapy. Disease severity was evaluated by atopic dermatitis area and severity index score (ADASIS). Results The difference value in IFN-γ+CD8+ T cell frequency before and after therapy was significantly higher in patients treated with BCG-PSN than in those with placebo (8.056 ± 13.962 vs -6.549 ± 10.491, U = 2.26, P< 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the frequency of IL4-, IL5-, TNFa-expressing CD8+ T cells between BCG-PSN- and placebo-treated patients (all P > 0.05). The decrease in ADASIS was 1.56 ± 1.49 in patients treated with BCG-PSN, which was statistically higher than that in placebo-treated patients (-0.05 ± 1.54, U = 2.00, P< 0.05). Conclusion As an immunomodulator, BCG-PSN may control AD by restoring the balance of T-cell subsets.

Objective To analyze the clinical data of recipients over 15 years after renal transplantation,and to find the factors that affect the long-term survival of recipients after renal transplantation.Method Before June 30,2000,326 renal transplant recipients in our hospital were collected retrospectively.The risk factors which affect the survival of kidney transplant recipients and kidney were analyzed from four dimensions.A Cox model was established to analyze these multi factors.Result Cox hazard model indicated that advanced age (P=0.010,RR =1.052),AMR (P＜0.001,RR =18.311),nonadherence (P =0.001,RR =2.854),smoking (P =0.025,RR =2.097)were the risk factors for recipients' survival.Using immunosuppressive regimen FK506 + MMF+ Pred (P =0.019,RR =0.433),or CsA + MMF + Pred (P =0.019,RR =0.413) was the protective factor for recipients' survival.Nonadherence (P＜0.001,RR =5.645),and diabetes (P＜0.001,RR =3.310) were the risk factors of grafts' survival.Using immunosuppressive regimen FK506 + MMF + Pred (P＜0.001,RR =0.236),or CsA + MMF + Pred (P =0.002,RR =0.317) was the protective factor of grafts' survival.Conclusion To enhance the long-term outcome of recipients and grafts,the individualization of immunosuppressive regiments and controlling of the chronic diseases progress by changing the unhealthy life style are cutting on edge.