Glycolysis is an important biological event in the metabolic reprogramming process of primary liver cancer.Its is mainly regulated by key rate-limiting enzymes in the glycolysis pathway,including hexokinase(HK),pyruvate kinase(PK),phosphofructokinase(PFK),and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH).Moreover,it can also be regulated by multiple mechanisms such as glucose transporters(GLUTS),monocarboxylic acid transporters(MCT),PI3K/AKT/mTORC signaling pathway and hypoxia induction factor(HIF).More and more studies have proved that key glycolytic enzymes and regulatory factors play important roles in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)cell proliferation,invasion,metastasis,immune escape,and drug resistance.Currently,with the continuous in-depth research on the mechanism of glycolysis,clinical therapies targeting glycolysis has become a new therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment.This article aims to summarize the research progress of key glycolytic enzymes and regulatory factors in the occurrence and development of primary liver cancer,hoping to provide help for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer.

Objective: To study the toxicological effects of Nao-de-kang on rats. Methods: According to the digital table, SD rats were randomly divided into blank group and Nao-de-kang small dose group(3.85g/kg), high dose group(7.71g/kg) and maximum tolerated dose group(77.14g/kg), 20 rats in each group, half male and half female.All groups were treated for 12 weeks, and the maximum tolerated dose group was treated for 1 week.The animal activity during treatment, the blood routine indicators, blood biochemical index and the organs for pathological examination were recorded and compared. Results: There was no mortality in the dose group of rats in the experimental period.The weights of 4 groups had no statistically significant differences during treatment(F=0.688, 0.540, 0.121, 0.065, 0.128, 0.239, 0.199, 0.378, 0.127, 0.446, 0.906 and 0.665, P=0.562, 0.585, 0.886, 0.937, 0.880, 0.788, 0.820, 0.687, 0.881, 0.642, 0.410 and 0.518), male and femal′s red blood cell(RBC)(♀: F=0.178, P=0.910, ♂: F=0.119, P=0.948), hemoglobin(HGB)(♀: F=0.046, P=0.987, ♂: F=0.072, P=0.975), hematokrit(HCT)(♀: F=0.126, P=0.944, ♂: F=0.054, P=0.983), platelet(PLT)(♀: F=0.515, P=0.675, ♂: F=0.500, P=0.685), white blood cell(WBC)(♀: F=0.078, P=0.972, ♂: F=0.057, P=0.982), eosnophils(Eos)(♀: F=0.078, P=0.972, ♂: F=0.057, P=0.982), lymphocyte(Lym)(♀: F=0.078, P=0.972, ♂: F=0.057, P=0.982), neutrophilic granulocyte(Neu)(♀: F=0.134, P=0.939, ♂: F=0.090, P=0.999), alanine aminotransfease (ALT)(♀: F=0.572, P=0.637, ♂: F=0.200, P=0.896), aspartate aminotransferase(AST)(♀: F=0.572, P=0.637, ♂: F=0.200, P=0.896), total protein(TP)(♀: F=0.665, P=0.579, ♂: F=0.343, P=0.795), albumin(ALB)(♀: F=0.533, P=0.663, ♂: F=0.668, P=0.577), triglyceride(TG)(♀: F=0.843, P=0.480, ♂: F=0.561, P=0.644), cholesterol(CHOL)(♀: F=0.245, P=0.864, ♂: F=0.046, P=0.987), glucose(GLU)(♀: F=0.216, P=0.884, ♂: F=0.095, P=0.963), urea nitrogen(BUN)(♀: F=0.172, P=0.914, ♂: F=0.203, P=0.894)and creatinine(Cr)(♀: F=0.172, P=0.914, ♂: F=0.203, P=0.894) had no statistically significant differences. Conclusion Nao-de-kang has no obvious side effect.

Objective:To explore the prognostic predictive value of deep neural network (DNN) assisted myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) quantitative analysis of ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients after successful percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed in 97 STEMI patients with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction-3 flow in infarct vessel after primary PCI in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from June to November 2021. MCE was performed within 48 h after PCI. Patients were followed up to 120 days. The adverse events were defined as cardiac death, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, reinfarction, stroke and recurrent angina. The framework consisted of the U-net and hierarchical convolutional LSTMs. The plateau myocardial contrast intensity (A), micro-bubble rate constant (β), and microvascular blood flow (MBF) for all myocardial segments were obtained by the framework, and then underwent variability analysis. Patients were divided into low MBF group and high MBF group based on MBF values, the baseline characteristics and adverse events were compared between the two groups. Other variables included biomarkers, ventricular wall motion analysis, MCE qualitative analysis, and left ventricular ejection fraction. The relationship between various variables and prognosis was investigated using Cox regression analysis. The ROC curve was plotted to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the models, and the diagnostic efficacy of the models was compared using the integrated discrimination improvement index (IDI).Results:The time-cost for processing all 3 810 frames from 97 patients was 377 s. 92.89% and 7.11% of the frames were evaluated by an experienced echocardiographer as "good segmentation" and "correction needed". The correlation coefficients of A, β, and MBF ranged from 0.97 to 0.99 for intra-observer and inter-observer variability. During follow-up, 20 patients met the adverse events. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that for each increase of 1 IU/s in MBF of the infarct-related artery territory, the risk of adverse events decreased by 6% ( HR 0.94, 95% CI =0.91-0.98). There was a 4.5-fold increased risk of adverse events in the low MBF group ( HR 5.50, 95% CI=1.55-19.49). After incorporating DNN-assisted MCE quantitative analysis into qualitative analysis, the IDI for prognostic prediction was 15% (AUC 0.86, sensitivity 0.78, specificity 0.73). Conclusions:MBF of the area supplied by infarct-related artery after STEMI-PCI is an independent protective factor for short-term prognosis. The DNN-assisted MCE quantitative analysis is an objective, efficient, and reproducible method to evaluate microvascular perfusion. Assessment of culprit-MBF after PCI in STEMI patients adds independent short-term prognostic information over qualitative analysis.It has the potential to be a valuable tool for risk stratification and clinical follow-up.