Objective:To explore the characteristics of cortical activation during the stimulation-assisted walking of hemiplegic stroke survivors using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).Methods:Eight stroke survivors with right hemiplegia (average age 44.4±7.2 years) in a self-controlled study each walked at 2km/h on a treadmill, alone and assisted by functional electronic stimulation (FES). Real-time near-infrared spectroscopic images were recorded. The Matlab NIRS-SPM toolkit was employed to calculate the changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration in different cortical regions. A general linear model was evaluated which integrated the task effects, and version 20.0 of the SPSS statistical software was used to perform single sample or paired sample t-tests of the beta values so as to produce activation hot maps of the significant differences.Results:During unassisted walking channels 8, 10, 11, 13-20, 23-28, 30 and 32-37 were significantly activated. During FES-assisted walking it was the same channels plus channels 9 and 22, 31. The results suggest that in walking the cortical regions activated are mainly located in M1 of the unaffected hemisphere, supplemented by M1 and SMA, PMC and S1 in the affected hemisphere. There were significant differences in the activation of channels 9, 24, 27, 32, 33 between the two walking tasks. FES-assistance enhances S1 activation on the unaffected side, as well as the SMA and PMC of the affected side more significantly.Conclusions:Bilateral asymmetrical activation is found mostly in M1 during walking with or without FES assistance. FES assistance significantly strengthens the compensatory activation of the PMC and SMA of the affected hemisphere while walking for those with hemiplegia.