Fungal sinusitis is a sinus infection caused by fungal species, most of which are aspergillus species. They can be classified mainly into two groups, invasive fungal sinusitis and non-invasive fungal sinusitis. Invasive fungal sinusitis is characterized by fungi not confined to the paranasal sinuses or the nasal cavity but invading the adjacent tissue and bone. Chronic invasive fungal sinusitis is one type of invasive fungal sinusitis and is a relatively rare disease. It can invade the adjacent sinus bone and tissue for months to years, resulting in bony sclerotic change, formation of mass and bony destruction, which can be mistaken for pseudotumor or malignant tumor. In this report, we report a case of a patient with chronic invasive fungal sinusitis, which was mimicking sino-nasal malignancy.

OBJECTIVES.: Sodium salicylate (SS) is well known for its ototoxic properties that induce functional and morphological changes in the cochlea and brain. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been widely used for treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases; however, its effects on salicylate-induced ototoxicity remain unclear. Herein, we examined the effects of EGb 761 (EGb), a standard form of GBE, on the plasticity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (GluN2B) in the inferior colliculus (IC) following SS administration. METHODS.: Seven-week-old Sprague Dawley rats (n=24) were randomly allocated to control, SS, EGb, and EGb+SS groups. The SS group received a single intraperitoneal SS injection (350 mg/kg), the EGb group received EGb orally for 5 consecutive days (40 mg/kg), and the EGb+SS group received EGb for 5 consecutive days, followed by an SS injection. The auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were assessed at baseline and 2 hours after SS administration. GluN2B expression was examined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS.: There were no significant differences in ABR threshold shifts among the groups. The expression of the GluN2B protein normalized by which of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was significantly lower in the EGb+SS group, as compared to the SS group (P=0.012). Weak and diffused GluN2B immunoreactivity was detected in the IC neural cells of the EGb+SS group, while those of the SS group exhibited strong and diffused GluN2B positivity. CONCLUSION.: EGb may play a role in regulating the GluN2B expression in the IC of salicylate-induced ototoxicity model.
Blotting, Western ; Brain ; Cochlea ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Ginkgo biloba ; Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inferior Colliculi ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Oxidoreductases ; Plastics ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sodium Salicylate

PURPOSE: Endotype in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been established in the last decade. However, the exact immunologic profile of CRS still has controversy because it has a considerable immunologic heterogeneity. Therefore, we investigated various inflammatory mediators according to different nasal tissues in chronic rhinosinusitis and compared them within the same subject. METHODS: We collected uncinate process mucosa (UP) and nasal polyp (NP) tissues from controls, CRS without NP (CRSsNP) and CRS with NP (CRSwNP). Expression levels of 28 inflammatory mediators including T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, proinflammatory cytokines and remodeling markers were determined by multiplex immunoassay and were analyzed using paired tests as well as principal component analysis (PCA) to investigate endotype in each subtype of CRS. RESULTS: Signature inflammatory mediators are interleukin (IL)-5, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-24, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in eosinophilic NP, whereas IL-17A, IL-1β, and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-9 were detected as signature inflammatory markers in non-eosinophilic NP. Despite differences in inflammatory cytokine profile between eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic NP, the common upregulation of IL-5, CCL-11, IL-23, IL-2Rα, VCAM-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 were shown in NP compared to UP within the same subject. In the PCA, we observed that Th2 immune response was helpful in discriminating between nasal tissues in subtypes of CRS and that there was a partial overlap between non-eosinophilic NP and eosinophilic NP in terms of Th2 mediators. CONCLUSIONS: Commonly upregulated mediators in NP were Th2-associated, compared with UP regardless of CRS subtypes, whereas signature markers were distinct in each NP subtype. These findings imply that Th2 inflammatory responses may play a role in the development of NP regardless of CRSwNP subtypes.
Cytokines ; Eosinophils ; Immunoassay ; Interleukin-17 ; Interleukin-23 ; Interleukin-5 ; Interleukins ; Monocytes ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Polyps ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Population Characteristics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Rhinitis ; Sinusitis ; Up-Regulation ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

PURPOSE: To evaluate the Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (JESREC) classification, a clinical scoring system, for predicting disease control status in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and to investigate prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 134 CRSwNP patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery after maximal medical treatment were enrolled. These patients were categorized into four groups according to JESREC classification: 1) non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (non-ECRSwNP), 2) mild eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP), 3) moderate ECRSwNP, and 4) severe ECRSwNP. Disease control status among the patients was evaluated at 1 year after surgery, and the patients were divided into two groups (disease-controlled and disease-uncontrolled groups) for the investigation of prognostic factors. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in disease control status between non-ECRSwNP and ECRSwNP groups (p=0.970). Age, Lund-Mackay CT scores, global osteitis scores, tissue neutrophil count, and tissue eosinophil count were associated with disease control status. In subgroup analysis of the non-ECRSwNP group, only high tissue neutrophil count was related with disease control status, whereas for the ECRSwNP group, young age, high Lund-Mackay CT scores, high global osteitis scores, and high tissue and blood eosinophil counts were associated with disease control status. CONCLUSION: No difference in disease control status was identified between non-ECRSwNP and ECRSwNP cases. Tissue neutrophilia, however, appeared to be associated with disease control status in non-ECRSwNP cases, whereas tissue and blood eosinophilia was associated with ECRSwNP cases.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Classification ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Nasal Polyps ; Neutrophils ; Osteitis ; Prognosis ; Sinusitis