PURPOSE: This descriptive study was done to evaluate the attitude and practice of hand-washing by student nurses. METHOD: The subjects of the study were 463 senior and junior undergraduate student nurses and RN-BSN students. The questionnaire was developed by the researchers. Data were collected from Oct. 16 to Dec. 20. 2001. and analysed by SPSS/WIN. General characteristics, attitude and practice were analyzed by frequency and percentage and differences in attitude and practice according to grade and practice setting were analyzed with x2 test, t-test or ANOVA. RESULT: 1) The mean frequency of hand- washing was 6.63. Senior students washed more frequently than junior students. 2) The reasons for non-compliance were 'not being accustomed', 'forgetting', and 'not accessible' 3) The mean time for hand- washing was 23.79 sec., less than the stated appropriate time of 42.18 sec. 4) 90% of the students washed their hands 'after contacting excretions and contaminated items' and few washed 'before giving care to the client'. 5) Most students washed hands rotationally rubbing with soap and water. 6) While washing, they removed their rings more often than their watches. 7) Soap bar (52.8%) and paper towel (69.6%) were most frequently used as decontaminating agent and drying method, but detergent solution (74.2%) and paper towels (60%) were considered as the most appropriate agent and method. 8) Hand-washing was perceived important generally 'to protect from cross-infection', 'to protect one-self' and 'the most cost effective'. 9) All students responded nurses should practice 'hand-washing,'.
Detergents ; Hand Disinfection* ; Hand* ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Soaps ; Students, Nursing

The routine closed patch tests were performe0 with 41 kinds of domestic soaps, detergents, cosm etics and topical medicaments (incIuding a adhesive plaster) on the intact skin of the back of 100 adult males without any dermatoses, to evaluate their side effects on the skin. 1, None of the materials showed no positive reaction, 2, The over all positive reactions were observed in 21.l% of my subjects, including a 1+reacti ons in,l6,4% and a 2+or 3, In 4.7% 3, In 12 kinds of soaps, Positive reaction wer observed in 19-33% positive of my subjects (average Z7.8%) 4, In 4 kinds of detergents, positive reations were observed in 6-19% of my subjects (average 9,7%), in which the highest reaction rate revealed was IVonderful of Dongsan fats and oils co.. 5. The positive reactiors in 3 kinds of toothpastes were observed in 37-61% of my subjects (average 50.7%). 6. The positive reactions to the adhesive plaster were observed in 25% of my subjects. Arnong 17 kinds of topial medicaments, positive reaction rates above 10 shown were Aroos oirtment of Sarn-A phaxmaceutical co. (49%), PM spirit of Kyungnam pharmaceutical co. (16%), Periio ointment of Namgang pharmaceutical co. (13%), Badional-Gel of Hanil pharm-aceutcal co. (10%) and Antiphlamine of Yuhan corporation (10%). 8. In 4 kinds of cosmetic creams, all showed higher positive reaction rates, i.e, "Masan Joongang cream of Yeinvonlang No I, 41%;No.2, 35%;N0.3, 32% and E.mong cream" of Daido phanna-ceutical co,44%.
Adhesives ; Adult ; Detergents ; Fats ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Male ; Oils ; Patch Tests ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Soaps* ; Toothpastes

Acute diarrhea is caused by many situations such as infections, drugs, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, ischemia and toxins. In addition, enema induced-colitis also causes acute diarrhea. Damage to the colon has been reported after exposure to a number of rectally administered agents, the better known of which are soaps and detergents used as cleansing enemas. Soap enemas cause corrosive colitis due to the saponification reaction as well as toxic materials. We report two cases of acute colitis induced by soap enemas administered in preparation for cesarean sections.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Cesarean Section ; Colitis ; Colon ; Detergents ; Diarrhea ; Enema ; Female ; Ischemia ; Pregnancy ; Soaps

BACKGROUND: The regular use of soaps and synthetic detergents has been associated with skin dryness and aggravation of dermatological conditions. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate the irritancy of 10 hand dishwashing liquids on normal skin. METHODS: The skin changes, responding to repeat patch testing with 10 hand dishwashing liquids, were measured by visual scoring. RESULTS: The results are summarized as follows; 1. Of the 16 healthy volunteers 8 had reactions. 5 women and 3 men, but there was no significant difference in irritancy between men and women. 2. The mean irritancy scores of the 10 hand dishwashing liquids ranged from 0.06 to 0.88. 3. A prominent increase in the degree of erythema in the first 24 hour patch test did not persist beyond exposure day 5, but after day 5, augmented responses of the erythema and scales, even fissuring occurred. 4. The pH of the test solutions of the hand dishwashing liquids ranged from 5.0 to 6.0, but there appeared to be no correlation between pH and irritancy in the dishwashing liquids tested. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that regular exposure to hand dishwashing liquids may cause disturbances of the skin in a substantial proportion of individuals, and workers should use hand dishwashing liquids in lower concentrations than recommended and only for short periods with protective measures.
Detergents ; Erythema ; Female ; Hand* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Patch Tests ; Skin* ; Soaps ; Weights and Measures

The chrome content of 8 Korean cements and 11 Korean bleaching detrgents was analyzed by the qualitative DPC method and the quantitative atomic absorption spectrophotometry and UV-visible spectrophotometry. In cements, there was no detectable chrome in 1 sample and the range of chrome content in other 7 samples was 1.32 5.29ppm. The qualitative result was welJ. correlated with the quantitative result. In bleaching detergents, there was no detectable chrome in 4 samples and the range of chrome content in other 7 samples was 0.0329 0.362ppm. However, the qualitative result was not correlated with the quantitative result.
Detergents* ; Spectrophotometry ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic

No abstract available.
Candida albicans* ; Candida* ; Dentures* ; Detergents*

In August 2001 we began to use WELPAS (a benzalkonium chloride solution) as part of our cost-containment drive, replacing self-made glycerol-added ethanol, which had been used for a long time to prevent nosocomial infections. Since then, blackish stains have become particularly noticeable here and there on the floorboards of the passageways in the hospital wards. The newly adopted quick-drying hand disinfectant was suspected as the culprit. To find the real cause of the dirt, we built a hallway similar to the real passageway for experiment. The disinfectant agents used were WELPAS, WELLUP (chlorhexidine gluconate), HIBISOFT (chlorhexidine gluconate), medicinal ethanol, cationic detergent solution, HIBITANE solution (chlorhexidine hydrochioride) and glycerol solution. These agents and distilled water were dropped on a limited area of the floor respectively for comparison of the degrees of dirt. The cationic detergent solution and WELPAS containing cationic detergent left blackish stains that were hardest to remove. From this finding, it was inferred that the cationic detergent solution was responsible for the dirt on the floor. So we decided to switch to a quick-drying hand disinfectant which does not contain cationic detergents. After considering economic benefit, we chose WELLUP which contains medicinal alcohol plus chlorhexidine gluconate and put it into actual use in October 2003. Since then, the hospitall floors have become unmistakalbly clean.
Solutions ; Disinfectants ; Hand ; Detergents ; Desiccation

No abstract available.
Abdominal Pain ; Colonoscopy ; Detergents ; Eating

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing eczematous dermatosis, which usually starts in childhood, and various causes are intricately associated with the development of the disease. Recently, various abnormalities in barrier function have been identified as the cause of atopic dermatitis. Loss-of-function mutation of filaggrin, a significant constituent of skin barrier, has been revealed as a cause for atopic dermatitis, and factors like enhanced protease activity, and decreased synthesis of the lipid lamellae especially ceramides also plays an important role in barrier dysfunction. Not only these genetic causes but also environmental factors are associated in barrier dysfunction, such as soap or detergents which increases skin pH, or proteases of dust mites or cockroaches which enhances epidermal barrier breakdown. Lately, skin barrier dysfunction is also thought to play an important role in the early stage of other allergic diseases such as asthma. Therefore, comprehension of the function of skin barrier can provide help in understanding various allergic diseases.
Asthma ; Ceramides ; Cockroaches ; Comprehension ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Detergents ; Dust ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intermediate Filament Proteins ; Mites ; Peptide Hydrolases ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Soaps

BACKGROUND: Several workers have found that Malassezia are capable of suppressing cytokine release and downregulating the phagocytic function of monocytes. But lipid-depleted Malassezia furfur (M. furfur) extracts have also been shown to induce increased production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta in monocytes. We thought that the detergents in shampoos or soaps could change the composition of the lipid in the M. furfur cell wall. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether detergents affect the morphology of M. furfur and if the inflammatory cytokine profiles change in the monocytes treated with detergent-treated M. furfur. METHODS: Commonly used detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate and tween-80 were respectively added to the modified Leeming-Notman's media. M. furfur was cultivated in each media (detergent-added or untreated). Thereafter, the surface morphology of the yeast was evaluated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The cytokine profiles of monocytes, which were treated by M. furfur with or without detergents, were also evaluated. RESULTS: The detergent- treated M. furfur were similar to the lipid-extracted form of M. furfur on the electron microscopic study, with a recessed, withered surface and with thinner and rather electron transparent cell walls than the detergent-untreated M. furfur. The levels of TNF-alpha were higher in monocytes treated with detergent-treated Malassezia than that in the monocytes treated with the detergent-untreated Malassezia (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the findings in this study, it could be inferred that the detergents in shampoos or soaps affect the lipid layers of the Malassezia cell wall and these lipid-extracted Malassezia induce or aggravate some inflammatory conditions. But to correlate the relationship between detergents and Malassezia-associated diseases, in vivo experiments that will focus on short-term contact with detergents in real life conditions should be done.
Cell Wall ; Detergents ; Electrons ; Interleukin-6 ; Malassezia ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Monocytes ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Soaps ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Yeasts