This paper describes the basic principles of optical analysis measurements,such as colorimetry,spectrophotometry,fluorometry,fluorescence spectrophotometry and scatter,and their typical applications to medical analysis instrument.The quality control of the optical analysis instrument and their development are also discussed.

Pressure-support ventilation (PSV) is a form of important ventilation mode. Patient-ventilator synchrony of pressure support ventilation can be divided into inspiration-triggered and expiration-triggered ones. Whether the ventilator can track the patient's inspiration and expiration very well or not is an important evaluating item of the performance of the ventilator. The ventilator should response to the patient's inspiration effort on time and deliver the air flow to the patient under various conditions, such as different patient's lung types and inspiration effort, etc. Similarly, the ventilator should be able to response to the patient's expiration action, and to decrease the patient lung's internal pressure rapidly. Using the Active Servo Lung (ASL5000) respiratory simulation system, we evaluated the spontaneous breathing of PSV mode on E5, Servo i and Evital XL. The following parameters, the delay time before flow to the patient starts once the trigger variable signaling the start of inspiration, the lowest inspiratory airway pressure generated prior to the initiation of PSV, etc. were measured.
Exhalation ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Interactive Ventilatory Support ; Lung ; physiology ; Pressure ; Ventilators, Mechanical

Objective To study the ways which ensure the delivery of enough tidal volume to patients under various conditions close to the demand of the physician. Methods The volume control ventilation model was chosen,and the simulation lung type was active servo lung ASL 5000 or Michigan lung 1601. The air resistance,air compliance and lung type in simulation lungs were set. The tidal volume was obtained from flow analyzer PF 300. At the same tidal volume,the displaying values of tidal volume of E5,Servo i,Evital 4,and Evital XL ventilators with different lung types of patient,compliance of gas piping,leakage,gas types,etc. were evaluated. Results With the same setting tidal volume of a same ventilator,the tidal volume delivered to patients was different with different lung types of patient,compliance of gas piping,leakage,gas types,etc. Reducing compliance and increasing resistance of the patient lungs caused high peak airway pressure,the tidal volume was lost in gas piping,and the tidal volume be delivered to the patient lungs was decreased. If the ventilator did not compensate to leakage,the tidal volume delivered to the patient lungs was decreased. When the setting gas type of ventilator did not coincide with that applying to the patient,the tidal volume be delivered to the patient lungs might be different with the setting tidal volume of ventilator. Conclusion To ensure the delivery of enough tidal volume to patients close to the demand of the physician, containable factors such as the compliance of gas piping,leakage,and gas types should be controlled.

Filter pass-band settings have impact not only on ECG output amplitude, but also on output signal wave-form of some types of digital electrocardiograph. Lower cut-off frequency is decided by Wander filter setting for some types of digital electrocardiograph, and higher cut-off frequency is decided by muscle filter when muscle filter functionality is "on". We research into various filter settings' impact on the output of digital electrocardiograph and have discussions on the malfunctions found in digital electrocardiograph measurement.
Algorithms ; Artifacts ; Electrocardiography ; instrumentation ; methods ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

Standard mercury-in-glass thermometer (Grade I) can be used to perform traceable measurements. Full recalibration is necessary to assure the continued validity of the verification results of the standard mercury-in-glass thermometer (Grade I). The present paper shows researches on procedure for the recalibration at the ice point of standard mercury-in-glass thermometer (Grade I), and points out different calculation ways of the true temperature of the thermostatic bath. The different values of scale correction and adjusted scale correction are compared in this paper.
Glass ; Mercury ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Temperature ; Thermometers ; standards

Medical practice generates and stores immense amounts of clinical process data, while integrating and utilization of these data requires interdisciplinary cooperation together with novel models and methods to further promote applications of medical big data and research of artificial intelligence. A "Datathon" model is a novel event of data analysis and is typically organized as intense, short-duration, competitions in which participants with various knowledge and skills cooperate to address clinical questions based on "real world" data. This article introduces the origin of Datathon, organization of the events and relevant practice. The Datathon approach provides innovative solutions to promote cross-disciplinary collaboration and new methods for conducting research of big data in healthcare. It also offers insight into teaming up multi-expertise experts to investigate relevant clinical questions and further accelerate the application of medical big data.

Objective To study the distribution of diseases in Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care Ⅲ(MIMIC-Ⅲ) database in order to provide reference for clinicians and engineers who use MIMIC-Ⅲ database to solve clinical research problems. Methods The exploratory data analysis technologies were used to explore the distribution characteristics of diseases and emergencies of patients (excluding newborns) in MIMIC-Ⅲ database were explored; then, neonatal gestational age, weight, length of hospital stay in intensive care unit (ICU) were analyzed with the same method. Results In the MIMIC-Ⅲ database, 46 428 patients were admitted for the first time, and 49 214 ICU records were recorded. There were 26 076 males and 20 352 females; the median age was 60.5 (38.6, 75.6) years, and most patients were between 60 and 80 years old. The first diagnosis in the disease spectrum analysis was firstly ranked by circulatory diseases (32%), followed by injury and poisoning (14%), digestive system disease (8%), tumor (7%), respiratory disease (6%) and so on. Patients with ischemic heart disease accounted for the largest proportion of circulatory disease (42%), the proportion of these patients gradually increased with age of 60-70 years old, then decreased. However, the proportion of patients with cerebrovascular disease declined first and then increased with age, which was the main cause of death of circulatory system disease (ICU mortality was 22.5%). Injury and poisoning patients showed a significant decrease with age. Digestive system diseases were younger than the general population (most people aged between 50 to 60 years), and non-infectious enteritis and colitis were the main causes of death (ICU mortality was 18.3%). Respiratory infections were predominant in infected patients (34%), but circulatory system infections were the main cause of death (ICU mortality was 25.6%). Secondly, in the neonatal care unit, premature infants accounted for the vast majority (82%). As the gestational age increased, the duration of ICU was decreased, and the mortality was decreased. Conclusions The diseases distribution of patients can be provided by MIMIC-Ⅲ database, which helps to grasp the overview of the volume and age distribution of the target patients in advance, and carry out the next step of research. Meanwhile, it points out the important role of exploratory data analysis in electronic health records analysis.

Objective To construct a database containing multiple kinds of diseases that can provide "real world"data for first-aid clinical research. Methods Structured or non-structured information from hospital information system, laboratory information system, emergency medical system, emergency nursing system and bedside monitoring instruments of patients who visited department of emergency in PLA General Hospital from January 2014 to January 2018 were extracted. Database was created by forms, code writing, and data process. Results Emergency Rescue Database is a single center database established by PLA General Hospital. The information was collected from the patients who had visited the emergency department in PLA General Hospital since January 2014 to January 2018. The database included 530 585 patients' information of triage and 22 941 patients' information of treatment in critical rescue room, including information related to human demography, triage, medical records, vital signs, lab tests, image and biological examinations and so on. There were 12 tables (PATIENTS, TRIAGE_PATIENTS, EMG_PATIENTS_VISIT, VITAL_SIGNS, CHARTEVENTS, MEDICAL_ORDER, MEDICAL_RECORD, NURSING_RECORD, LAB_TEST_MASTER, LAB_RESULT, MEDICAL_EXAMINATION, EMG_INOUT_RECORD) that containing different kinds of patients' information. Conclusions The setup of high quality emergency databases lay solid ground for scientific researches based on data. The model of constructing Emergency Rescue Database could be the reference for other medical institutions to build multiple-diseases databases.

A detailed, high-scale clinical data can be generated in the process of diagnosis and treatment of emergency critically ill patients. The integration and analysis and utilization of these data are of great value for improving the treatment level and efficiency and developing the data-driven clinical assistant decision support. China has large volume of health information resources, however, the construction of healthcare databases and subsequent secondary analysis has just started. With the effort of the Chinese PLA General Hospital in building an emergency database and promoting data sharing, the first emergency database was published in China and a health Datathon was organized utilizing this database, providing experience for clinical data integration, database construction, cross-disciplinary collaboration and data sharing. Referring to the development at home and abroad, this review discussed work in this area and further proposed establishing a big data cooperation for emergency medicine and building a learning healthcare system to integrate more clinical resources and form a closed loop of "clinical database construction-analysis-applications", and enhance the effectiveness of medical big data in reducing medical costs and improving healthcare delivery.

Breathing pattern parameters refer to the characteristic pattern parameters of respiratory movements, including the breathing amplitude and cycle, chest and abdomen contribution, coordination, etc. It is of great importance to analyze the breathing pattern parameters quantificationally when exploring the pathophysiological variations of breathing and providing instructions on pulmonary rehabilitation training. Our study provided detailed method to quantify breathing pattern parameters including respiratory rate, inspiratory time, expiratory time, inspiratory time proportion, tidal volume, chest respiratory contribution ratio, thoracoabdominal phase difference and peak inspiratory flow. We also brought in "respiratory signal quality index" to deal with the quality evaluation and quantification analysis of long-term thoracic-abdominal respiratory movement signal recorded, and proposed the way of analyzing the variance of breathing pattern parameters. On this basis, we collected chest and abdomen respiratory movement signals in 23 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and 22 normal pulmonary function subjects under spontaneous state in a 15 minute-interval using portable cardio-pulmonary monitoring system. We then quantified subjects' breathing pattern parameters and variability. The results showed great difference between the COPD patients and the controls in terms of respiratory rate, inspiratory time, expiratory time, thoracoabdominal phase difference and peak inspiratory flow. COPD patients also showed greater variance of breathing pattern parameters than the controls, and unsynchronized thoracic-abdominal movements were even observed among several patients. Therefore, the quantification and analyzing method of breathing pattern parameters based on the portable cardiopulmonary parameters monitoring system might assist the diagnosis and assessment of respiratory system diseases and hopefully provide new parameters and indexes for monitoring the physical status of patients with cardiopulmonary disease.
Humans ; Lung ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Respiration ; Tidal Volume ; Wearable Electronic Devices