INTRODUCTIONThere is no published epidemiological data on skin diseases in kidney transplant recipients in this tropical country, which has multi-ethnic groups with the Chinese as the predominant ethnic group.

MATERIALS AND METHODSSkin diseases of 143 renal transplant recipients were studied in a skin clinic of a tertiary institution during annual surveillance visits from June 2006 to March 2009.

RESULTSOur study showed that except the common drug specific skin manifestations, sebaceous hyperplasia (56.6%), seborrheic keratosis (60.8%), melanocytic naevi (76.9%), skin tags (37.1%) and viral (29.4%) and fungal (20.3%) infections were the most prevalent skin diseases among renal transplant recipients living in Singapore. The prevalence of pre-malignant and malignant tumours was very low (11.2% actinic keratosis, 1.4% Bowen's disease, 1.4% squamous cell carcinoma, 0.7% basal cell carcinoma, 0.7% keratoacanthoma). Male predominance was seen in sebaceous hyperplasia (72.4% vs 32.1%), actinic keratosis (17.2% vs 1.8%), viral (36.8% vs 19.6%) and fungal (27.6% vs 8.9%) infections. Our study also showed increased prevalence of sebaceous hyperplasia with increased age but its prevalence was significantly higher than that reported in the age matched general population. The prevalence of seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis and viral infection correlated positively with post-transplant duration.

CONCLUSIONSOur study provides epidemiological data for the prevalence of skin diseases in renal transplant recipients. It emphasises the importance of dermatologic follow-up for renal transplant patients in order to obtain a diagnosis and manage treatable skin diseases.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Skin Diseases ; classification ; epidemiology ; Young Adult

Acute Disease ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous ; pathology

INTRODUCTIONCryotherapy with liquid nitrogen is an effective, safe and convenient form of treatment for plantar warts. EMLA® cream (eutectic mixture of lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) is a topical local anaesthetic agent that has proven to be effective and well tolerated in the relief of pain associated with various minor interventions in numerous clinical settings.

MATERIALS AND METHODSIn a single-centre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled study, 64 subjects were randomised into 2 groups. The subjects had a thick layer of EMLA® cream or placebo cream applied to pared plantar wart(s) and onto the surrounding margin of 1 mm to 2 mm under occlusion for 60 minutes prior to receiving cryotherapy. The pain of cryotherapy was evaluated by the subjects using a self-administered Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) immediately after the cryotherapy.

RESULTSThere was no statistical difference between the mean VAS score for EMLA® cream (47.0 ± 21.4 mm) and placebo (48.9 ± 22.0 mm). Those with more than 1 wart had a significantly higher VAS score than those with only 1 wart (59.1 ± 21.8 vs. 44.3 ± 20.4, P <0.05) but this did not affect the therapeutic effect of EMLA® cream prior to cryotherapy.

CONCLUSIONWe conclude that the application of EMLA® cream prior to cryotherapy does not reduce the pain associated with cryotherapy.

Adult ; Analgesia ; Anesthetics, Local ; therapeutic use ; Cryotherapy ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Foot Dermatoses ; therapy ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ointments ; Prilocaine ; therapeutic use ; Warts ; therapy ; Young Adult