The prevalence and patterns of food allergy are highly variable in different parts of the world. Differences in food allergy epidemiology may be attributed to a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, suggesting that mechanisms of food allergy may differ in various global populations. Genetic polymorphisms, migration, climate, and infant feeding practices all modulate food allergy risk, and possibly also the efficacy of interventions aimed at primary prevention of food allergy development. Approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of food allergy should thus be tailored carefully to each population's unique genetic and environmental make-up. Future research in the context of food allergy prevention should focus on elucidating factors determining differential responses between populations.
Climate ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Epigenomics ; Food Hypersensitivity* ; Genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prevalence ; Primary Prevention

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease. Children with AD tend to have a higher prevalence of food allergies. This study investigated the clinical significance of food sensitization in AD patients. A total of 266 AD patients participated in this study. The prevalence of food sensitization and clinically relevant sensitization were compared in the subjects according to their age and AD severity. Sera from all patients were analyzed for food-specific IgE levels using the Pharmacia CAP System FEIA. The serum specific IgE levels for egg, milk, peanut and soybean were measured. Patients were regarded as sensitized to the food if their food-specific IgE levels were above 0.35 kUA/L. Also the food-specific IgE levels, the so-called diagnostic decision point, which is recommended as the clinically relevant level, for clinical food allergy, as suggested by Sampson et al, was used as an alternative method. From the measurement of food-specific IgE antibodies of the four foods, egg was the most highly sensitized and the main causative allergenic food in children with AD. The positive rates of specific IgE to the four major food allergens, and the prevalences of clinically relevant food sensitization, were higher for all foods tested in the group less than 1 year of age, and were significantly higher in moderate to severe AD compared to mild AD in infants and young children. In summary, presence of food specific IgE is prevalent in infants and young children with AD, and clinically relevant food sensitization is important in Korean infants and children with moderate to severe AD.
Child, Preschool ; Dermatitis, Atopic/*immunology ; Egg Hypersensitivity/epidemiology ; Female ; Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Infant ; Male ; Milk Hypersensitivity/epidemiology ; Peanut Hypersensitivity/epidemiology ; Soybeans/immunology

Allergy skin prick test and intradermal test represent one of the major tools in the diagnosis of IgE- mediated diseases like as atopic asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food and drug allergy, and insect bite when properly performed. Skin tests are of particular importance in fields such as allergen standardization, pharmacology, and epidemiology. Even if skin tests seem easy to perform, adequate and proper interpretation requires well-trained physicians who can recognize the numerous factors that may modify the results of skin tests.
Asthma ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Diagnosis ; Drug Hypersensitivity ; Epidemiology ; Hypersensitivity ; Insect Bites and Stings ; Intradermal Tests ; Pharmacology ; Rhinitis ; Skin Tests* ; Skin*

BACKGROUND: The incidence of atopic of atopic dermatitis (AD) varies widely by different ages and it has been well-founded that the epidemiology of AD has been studied on admission of the first grade schoolchildren. AD is a common skin disease of childhood and tends to increase significantly during recent decades, but informations regarding the exact prevalence of AD, based on the large-scale general population study, are unavailable in korea. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to elucidate the exact prevalence of AD and to evaluate the diagnostic significance of some well-known minor clinical features associated with AD in the first grade school children in one of Kouean cities, Puchon, kyunggi-do. METHODS: Four thousands and eighteen first grde school children (boys ; 2072, girls ; 1946) participated inthis study. Two dermatologists determined the presence of skin lesions by through skin examination. Diagnosis of AD was made only when typical flexural and/or extensor and/or infraauricular fissure/eczema exist. The frequency as well as their diagnostic significance of ten minor features of AD (xerosis, ichthyosiform skin lesion, hyperlinear palm,)keratosis pilaris, non-specific hand/foot dermatitis, cheilitis, nipple eczema, perifollicular accentuation, pityriasis alba, Dennie-Morgan infraorbital fold) thought suitable items for field survey by authors, were also evaluated. RESULTS: The total prevalence of AD in the first grade school children of Puchon city was 3. 78%. The prevalence in boys was 3.37% and that in girls was 4.2 Associated minor features in individuals diagnosed as having AD were, in order of frequency, pityriasis alba (59.8%), perifollicular accentuation (57.8%), , keratosis pilaris (56.5%), hyperlinear palms (55.2%), xerosis (43.3%), Dennie-Morgan infraorbital fold (26.3%), etc. All but the ichthyosiform skin lesions and nipple eczema were significantly more frequent in individuals diagnosed as having AD (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: A relatively low prevalence shown in this study might be due to rather strict diagnostic criteria. Some helpful and diagnostically significant minor clinical features of AD, suitable for field survy, is suggested. Further studies are needed for accurate estimation of the prevalence of AD in korea including different regional and age population.
Cheilitis ; Child ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Diagnosis ; Eczema ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Incidence ; Keratosis ; Korea ; Nipples ; Pityriasis ; Prevalence* ; Skin ; Skin Diseases

BACKGROUND: Nummular eczema, known as nummular dermatitis or discoid eczema, is an idiopathic disease that manifests coin-shaped, circular, or oval-shaped plaques with definite margins. These plaques can be exudative, erythematous, or edematous. The plaques are composed of tiny vesicles in the early stage, and later tend to be more scaly, dry, lichenified and thickened. It is a chronic condition which exhibits long periods of recurrence and relapse, plus changes depending on environmental conditions. For example, it is known that the eczema worsens in low humidity, or during winter. OBJECTIVE: Since there has been an absence of studies conducted since the 1970's, we investigated epidemiology, etiology, aggravation factors, family and past history, associated diseases such as atopic dermatitis, clinical menifestations, laboratory abnormalities, and course and prognosis with statistical analysis. METHOD: A total of 211 individuals, who had visited the Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital in Daegu, Korea between 2000-2004 with a diagnosis of nummular eczema, were selected. The data was based on a retrospective survey of hospital records. However, whenever the information was lacking, we called patients to ask lists of questions for this investigation. To clarify the prognosis and course of nummular dermatitis, we classified the course of the disease into 5 groups; "healed" (cleared completely), "almost healed" (more than 90% cleared), "improved" (from 50 to 90% cleared), "stationary" (less than 50% improvement), and "wax & waned" (repetitive recurrence). RESULTS: The male to female distribution showed about a 1.4-fold predominance for males. The onset of the disease in patients was often in their twenties, which correlated with previous reports which noted that onset of lesions in patients occurred in their twenties and sixties. Nummular eczema was most frequently aggravated in summer. Thirty five of the 211 patients had atopic dermatitis, and 53 had dry skin. Thirty five of 103 patients showed an elevated serum Ig E level (more than 250 IU/ml). Seventeen of 120 patients had an elevated eosiophil count (more than 7%). If the patients had had the eczema for a short duration, these seemed to be a better chance of the condition healing. CONCLUSION: This investigation is expected to help understand and obtain more information on nummular eczema.
Daegu ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dermatology ; Diagnosis ; Eczema* ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hospital Records ; Humans ; Humidity ; Korea ; Male ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin

The point prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) among Korean adults visiting the Health Service Center for health check-ups was assessed. AD was diagnosed based on the questionnaires filled by patients and through physical examination by dermatologists. A total of 3,563 persons completed the questionnaires, and 2,032 persons were examined by the dermatologists. According to the questionnaires, the prevalence of AD was 7.1%, and from the dermatologists' examination, it was 2.6% overall, which decreased with age significantly. The prevalence in men was higher than that of women. Grading the severity of AD according to their eczema area and severity index scores, 70.6% were classified as being mild, 25.5% moderate, and 3.9% severe. Interestingly, concomitance of psoriasis and AD was found in 0.5% of those examined by the dermatologists. Our results suggest that AD is one of the most common skin diseases not only in children but also in adults in Korea.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Dermatitis, Atopic/complications/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Female ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Psoriasis/complications ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sex Factors

This study was conducted to clarify the prevalence of common skin diseases and their associated factors among military personnel in Korea. Four dermatologists visited adjacent military units and examined soldiers. A structured questionnaire that included questions about known skin diseases, demographic information, and questions for the Perceived Stress Index was completed for each participant. The soldiers that had been diagnosed with a skin disease answered one additional questionnaire (Skindex-29) which assess the influence of an individual's skin disease on daily life. Of 1,321 soldiers examined, 798 (60.4%) had one or more skin diseases. The three most common skin problems were acne (35.6%), tinea pedis (15.2%) and atopic dermatitis (5.1%). The diseases closely related to the period of military service were acne, tinea pedis, viral warts and corns. The diseases related to the amount of stress were atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and acne. The most troublesome skin diseases were atopic dermatitis, tinea cruris, and seborrheic dermatitis. These results demonstrated that the prevalence of skin disease among military personnel in Korea is very high, and that some of the skin disorders may have a significant influence on their daily lives.
Acne Vulgaris/epidemiology ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Quality of Life ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Skin Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological ; Tinea Pedis/epidemiology ; Young Adult

Alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU), severe forms of alopecia areata (AA), show distinguishable clinical characteristics from those of patch AA. In this study, we investigated the clinical characteristics of AT/AU according to the onset age. Based on the onset age around adolescence (< or > or = 13 yr), 108 patients were classified in an early-onset group and the other 179 patients in a late-onset group. We found that more patients in the early-onset group had a family history of AA, nail dystrophy, and history of atopic dermatitis than those in the late-onset group. These clinical differences were more prominent in patients with AU than in those with AT. In addition, significantly more patients with concomitant medical disorders, especially allergic diseases were found in the early-onset group (45.8%) than in the late-onset group (31.2%). All treatment modalities failed to show any association with the present hair condition of patients. In the early-onset group, patients with AU or a family history of AA showed worse prognosis, whereas this trend was not observed in the late-onset group. Systemic evaluations might be needed in early-onset patients due to the higher incidence of comorbid diseases. It is suggested that patients with AU or family history of AA make worse progress in the early-onset group than in the late-onset group.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age of Onset ; Alopecia/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Alopecia Areata/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis ; Family Health ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nail Diseases/diagnosis ; Prognosis ; Young Adult

Multicenter Study on the Prevalence of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis and Allergy-Associated Disorders This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) using the skin test, radioallergosorbent test (RAST), or multiple allergosorbent test (MAST) and to clarify the clinical aspects of the patients diagnosed as having PAR by the questionnaire survey and rhinologic examination. The 71,120 subjects who had visited the 23 otolaryngology clinics at the randomly selected tertiary referral hospitals in Korea between November 1, 1999 and April 30, 2000 were studied. PAR was diagnosed when subjects complained of two or more associated symptoms and the skin test, RAST, or MAST using perennial inhalant allergens was positive. The questionnaire survey and rhinologic examination were performed in subjects with PAR. The prevalence of PAR was 3.93%. We could find no significant difference in the prevalence of PAR between the two sexes. However, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of PAR between the child and adult groups. The chief complaints were, in order of decreasing frequency, nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea, and sneezing. There was a family history of PAR in 40.2% of the subjects. The 39.6% of the subjects had associated allergic diseases, being atopic dermatitis most common. In conclusion, the prevalence of PAR in tertiary referral hospitals in Korea is 3.93%. Many subjects with PAR have family history and appear to be associated with other allergic diseases.
Adult ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Family Health ; Female ; Human ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Referral and Consultation/statistics & numerical data ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Sex Distribution ; Skin Tests

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic urticaria (CU) is defined as itchy wheals lasting 6 weeks or more. As the aged population increases worldwide, it is essential to identify the specific features of this disease in the elderly population. METHODS: We investigated the prevalence and clinical features of CU in elderly patients. Medical records of 837 CU patients from the outpatient Allergy Clinic of Ajou University Hospital, Korea were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria according to the EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guidelines were included. Patients older than 60 years were defined as elderly. RESULTS: Of the 837 patients, 37 (4.5%) were elderly. In elderly versus nonelderly CU patients, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) was significantly higher (37.8% vs. 21.7%, respectively; p = 0.022), while that of aspirin intolerance was lower (18.9% vs. 43.6%, respectively; p = 0.003) in terms of comorbid conditions. The prevalences of serum specific immunoglobulin E antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxin A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B were considerably higher in elderly CU patients with AD than in those without AD (37.5% vs. 0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with CU had a higher prevalence of AD. Therefore, there is a need to recognize the existence of AD in elderly CU patients.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; Biological Markers/blood ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Comorbidity ; Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Enterotoxins/immunology ; Female ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index ; Urticaria/blood/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/immunology ; Young Adult