Objective To explore the association between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke in Uygur population of Xinjiang.Methods A case-control study was performed,included 316 patients with ischemic stroke,admitted to our hospital from June 2007 to December 2013,and 316 age-and gender-matched healthy subjects in Uygur population of Hami.The genotypes ofrs2779248(C/T) and rs1137933(C/T) were determined by Taqman probe fluorescent quantitative PCR.Results The distribution frequencies of rs2779248 (CC,CT and TT) were 51.9％,42.1％ and 6.0％ in the patient group,ands 61.7％,30.1％ and 8.2％ in the controls,respectively.As compared with those with rs2779248 CC genotype,individuals with CT+TT genotype and CT genotype had higher risk ofischemic stroke,the odds ratio was 1.49 (95％CI:1.09-2.05,P=0.013)and 1.66 (95％CI:1.19-2.32,P=0.003).The distribution frequencies ofrs1137933 (CC,CT and TT) were 66.8％,28.5％ and 4.7％ in the patient group,ands 66.8％,27.8％ and 5.4％ in the controls,respectively;no significant difference was noted between the patient group and controls in the distribution frequencies (P＞0.05).Multi-factor Logistic regression analysis indicated that mutation of genotype C＞T in rs2779248was the independent risk factor of ischemic stroke in Uygur population of Hami after adjusting related risk factors (OR=1.55,95％CI:1.00-2.40,P=0.049).Conclusion The polymorphisms ofrs2779248 in iNOS gene may modify the risk of ischemic stroke in Uygur population of Hami,but no association is found in rs1137933.

Despite the documented antibiotic-induced disruption of the gut microbiota, the impact of antibiotic intake on strain-level dynamics, evolution of resistance genes, and factors influencing resistance dissemination potential remains poorly understood. To address this gap we analyzed public metagenomic datasets from 24 antibiotic treated subjects and controls, combined with an in-depth prospective functional study with two subjects investigating the bacterial community dynamics based on cultivation-dependent and independent methods. We observed that short-term antibiotic treatment shifted and diversified the resistome composition, increased the average copy number of antibiotic resistance genes, and altered the dominant strain genotypes in an individual-specific manner. More than 30% of the resistance genes underwent strong differentiation at the single nucleotide level during antibiotic treatment. We found that the increased potential for horizontal gene transfer, due to antibiotic administration, was ∼3-fold stronger in the differentiated resistance genes than the non-differentiated ones. This study highlights how antibiotic treatment has individualized impacts on the resistome and strain level composition, and drives the adaptive evolution of the gut microbiota.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Bacteria ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; genetics ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; drug effects ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; Prospective Studies