A study on 2,717 persons in which 159 patients with depressive disorder was carried out. The results have shown that the morbidity rate of depression was 5.8% in which female (68%), male (32%), ages of 30 -39 (37.1%), 40-49 (24%). The common clinical symptoms were: sadness: 60%, loss of interesting: 62.8%, sleep disorder: 99.3%, taste disorder: 94.9%, difficulty of concentration: 80.5%, difficulty of thinking: 76.2%, anxiety for one’s body: 59%, weight loss: 55% and loss of working productivity in male: 86.2% and female: 87%.
Depressive Disorder ; diagnosis ; epidemiology

The study aimed to determine clinical and epidemiological parameters of depressive disorders in 1 rural commune, 1 urban commune and some populations (remote regional students, minor ethnic boarders, single old people, burn sequelae sufferers and people with gastroduodenal ulcer). The results showed that the pilot incidence of depression is 8.35% out of 15 years of age population in a rural commune and 4.2% in an urban commune. The pilot incidence of major depression in population-based samples is 5-9% for female and 2-3% for male. In sample of remote regional students aged 20 - 28 years of old, the incidence is similar with that in general population. In sample of minor ethnic boarders aged 14 - 19 years of old, the incidence is 23.33%. The incidence is 57.14% in the single old people, 69.7% in the burn sequelae sufferers and 93.3% in the people with gastroduodenal ulcer. 100% of patients have need of care but has been never diagnosed and treated. Manifestations of severe depression, bipolar disorder and postpartum depression are rare. Symptoms of weakness and fatigue have higher rate than typical symptoms of depression
Depressive Disorder ; diagnosis ; epidemiology

The depressive disorder is common disease in the world. In Vietnam most of patients wanted to be cured but never were diagnosed and treated. They were impacted severely on their working. The manifestations of rare severe depression comprised intention of commit suicide, behaviour of commit suicide, bipolar disorder (0.27-0.29%) weak, tired were more frequent than typical depressive disorder.
Depressive Disorder ; diagnosis ; epidemiology

Antidepressants are widely used to treat depression in Korea, however, only a few studies have focused on the provider of the treatment. The aim of the study is to compare the differences between patients who were prescribed antidepressants by psychiatrists and those who were prescribed antidepressants by non-psychiatrists in South Korea. Patients with a diagnosis of depressive disorder who had been newly prescribed antidepressants in 2012 were selected from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. They were classified into two groups depending on whether they received the antidepressant prescription from a psychiatrist or non-psychiatrist. Sociodemographic, clinical, and depression related cost has been investigated. Treatment resistant depression, which is defined as a failure of two antidepressant regimens to alleviate symptoms, was also investigated. Prescription adequacy was assessed based on whether a regimen was maintained for at least 4 weeks. Among the 834694 patients with pharmaceutically treated depression (PTD) examined in this study, 326122 (39.1%) were treated by psychiatrists. Patients who were treated by psychiatrists were younger and had more psychiatric comorbidities than those treated by non-psychiatrists. They had longer PTD duration (229.3 days vs. 103.0 days, p < 0.05) and a larger proportion of treatment resistant depression (9.3% of PTD) when compared to those patients treated by non-psychiatrists. The patients treated by psychiatrists had a smaller proportion of inadequate antidepressant use compared to those patients in the non-psychiatrist group (44.5% vs. 65.1%, p < 0.05). The costs related to depression corrected with PTD duration were higher in the nonpsychiatrist group (32214 won vs. 56001 won, p < 0.05). Patients who receive antidepressants from psychiatrists are patients with more severe, treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatrists prescribe antidepressants more adequately and cost-effectively than non-psychiatrists.
Antidepressive Agents ; Comorbidity ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder ; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Prescriptions ; Psychiatry

This study was conducted to investigate the association between the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) assessment test (CAT) and depression in COPD patients. The Korean versions of the CAT and patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to assess COPD symptoms and depressive disorder, respectively. In total, 803 patients with COPD were enrolled from 32 hospitals and the prevalence of depression was 23.8%. The CAT score correlated well with the PHQ-9 score (r=0.631; P<0.001) and was significantly associated with the presence of depression (beta+/-standard error, 0.452+/-0.020; P<0.001). There was a tendency toward increasing severity of depression in patients with higher CAT scores. By assessment groups based on the 2011 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines, the prevalence of depression was affected more by current symptoms than by airway limitation. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the CAT was 0.849 for predicting depression, and CAT scores > or =21 had the highest accuracy rate (80.6%). Among the eight CAT items, energy score showed the best correlation and highest power of discrimination. CAT scores are significantly associated with the presence of depression and have good performance for predicting depression in COPD patients.
Aged ; Depression/*epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology ; Quality of Life ; Questionnaires ; Severity of Illness Index

OBJECTIVETo study the rules of occurrence and development of TCM syndromes in patients of depression by analysing the population distribution and related factors of it.

METHODSA clinical epidemiologic survey was carried out with the materials collected by the four-diagnostic method from patients of depression to gain the syndrome types of 397 patients through dynamic cluster analysis, factor analysis and TCM syndrome differentiation. The constitution of syndrome types in different population and the relation between TCM syndrome types and the clinical types differentiated by Western medicine of depression was analyzed.

RESULTSSix syndrome types were found in 397 patients with depression. They were, ranging in occurrence order, the Gan-Qi stagnation with mental uneasiness type (108 cases, 27.2%); the Xin-Pi deficiency with dampness retention type (94 cases, 23.7%); the Xin-Gan Qi-stagnation with Phlegm retention type (76 cases, 19.1%); the Xin-Gan Qi stagnation with Jing-Luo disharmony type (57 cases, 14.3%); the Xin-Shen Qi stagnation with collateral obstruction type (34 cases, 8.6%); and the Xin-Gan Qi stagnation with Heat interfering mental type (28 cases, 7.1%). There were statistical significance (P < 0.01) in comparison of the syndrome types constitution among patients of different ages or different Western medicinal types (mild, with or without psychotic symptoms), but no significant difference was shown in that among patients of different sexes, with or without familial history of mental diseases, with monophasic or biphasic, initial or recurrent episode (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe result obtained in this study is basically in accord with the cognitive rule of TCM theory, it provides a reliable base of syndrome differentiation for treatment.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Demography ; Depressive Disorder ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged

PURPOSE: Traumatic events and adverse stressful experiences are major etiological factors in a wide variety of physical and mental disorders. Developing psychological instruments that can be easily administered and that have good psychometric properties have become an integral part for research and practice. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Lifetime Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R) in a consecutive sample of psychiatric outpatients. The LSC-R is a 30-item self-reporting questionnaire examining lifetime traumatic and non-traumatic stressors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A final sample of 258 outpatients with anxiety or depressive disorders was recruited at the psychiatric department of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Self-reported data included the Life Events Checklist (LEC), the Zung Self-Rating Depression and Anxiety Scales, and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised, in addition to the LSC-R. A convenience sample of 50 college students completed the LSC-R on two occasions separated by a three week-interval for test-retest reliability. RESULTS: Mean kappa for temporal stability was high (κ=0.651) and Cronbach alpha was moderate (α=0.724). Convergent validity was excellent with corresponding items on the LEC. Concurrent validity was good for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that 11 factors explained 64.3 % of the total variance. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated good psychometric properties of the Korean version of the LSC-R, further supporting its use in clinical research and practice with a Korean speaking population.
Adult ; Anxiety/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Checklist ; Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Outpatients ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Surveys and Questionnaires

INTRODUCTION: Expectant mothers may appear anxious even during healthy pregnancies. Unfortunately, little is known about antenatal anxiety, and affected women may remain undetected and untreated. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, incidence, course and associations of high state anxiety in routine obstetric care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational prospective cohort study at a large maternity unit. Obstetric outpatients with low-risk singleton pregnancies were recruited during first trimester consultations. Participants provided sociodemographic data and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The STAI was re-administered at each subsequent trimester. RESULTS: Prevalence and incidence of  high state anxiety among 634 completers were 29.5% (95% CI 25.6%-33.6%) and 13.9% (95% CI 9.9%-18.0%), respectively. Anxiety was persistent in 17.0% (95% CI 14.3%-20.2%) and transient in 26.3% (95% CI 23.1%-29.9%). Only persistently anxious participants had high mean second trimester state anxiety scores. Odds for anxiety of greater persistence increased by 29% (95% CI 24%-35%) per 1-point increase in first trimester depression scores, and decreased by 36% (95% CI 7%-56%) with tertiary education. CONCLUSION Antenatal anxiety symptoms are common even in normal pregnancies, especially among women with depression and lower education. Our study indicates value in exploring diagnostic criteria and quantitative measures for antenatal anxiety.
Adult ; Anxiety Disorders ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Confidence Intervals ; Depressive Disorder ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Odds Ratio ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Trimester, First ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Assessment ; Severity of Illness Index ; Singapore

INTRODUCTIONLiterature has shown that individuals with various psychiatric disorders experience a lower quality of life (QoL). However, few have examined QoL across disorders. The current study explored differences in QoL and symptom severity across 4 psychiatric diagnostic groups: anxiety disorders (including obsessive compulsive disorder [OCD]), depressive disorders, schizophrenia, and pathological gambling.

MATERIALS AND METHODSData analysed was from a previous study that examined the prevalence of hoarding symptoms among outpatients (n = 500) in a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Singapore. Measures utilised included the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction QuestionnaireShort Form (Q-LES-Q-SF). Sociodemographic information and details on type and number of comorbidities were also collected.

RESULTSThe depressive disorder group had the highest level of depressive and anxiety symptoms and the lowest QoL whereas; the schizophrenia group had the lowest level of depressive symptoms and the highest QoL. Age and employment status were the only sociodemographic correlates which were significantly associated with QoL. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, only the type of mental disorder was found to have a significant effect in explaining BAI, BDI-II and Q-LES-Q-SF.

CONCLUSIONFindings offer insight in terms of the burden associated with the various disorders.

Adult ; Anxiety Disorders ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Comorbidity ; Cost of Illness ; Demography ; Depressive Disorder ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Female ; Gambling ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Quality of Life ; Schizophrenia ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Socioeconomic Factors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between weight status and mental disorders, including depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorder. A total of nationally representative 6,510 subjects aged 18-64 yr was interviewed in face-to-face household survey. Response rate was 81.7%. Mental disorders were diagnosed using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI). The subjects reported their heights and weights. After adjusting for age and gender, the lifetime diagnosis of depressive disorder had a significant association with only the underweight group (odds ratio [OR], 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.38). The association between underweight and depressive disorder was the strongest for subjects with a high education level (OR, 1.75, 95% CI, 1.2-2.56), subjects with a married/cohabiting status (OR, 1.94, 95% CI, 1.17-3.22) and smokers (OR, 2.58, 95% CI, 1.33-4.98). There was no significant association between obesity and depressive disorder in Korea. But there was a significant association between the underweight group and depressive disorder. The relationship between obesity and mental disorder in a Korean population was different from that in a Western population. These results suggest that the differences of traditional cultures and races might have an important effect on the associations between the weight status and mental disorders.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcohol-Related Disorders/diagnosis ; Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis ; *Body Weight ; Depressive Disorder/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Mental Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Thinness