PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a positive psychology improvement program on elders' depression and death anxiety. METHODS: This was conducted as a quasi-experimental study with non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were community elders aged over 65 recruited by convenient sampling. A total of 94 elders (32 in the individual experimental group, 32 in the collective experimental group, and 30 in the control group) participated. Data were collected between April and September, 2012 and analyzed by using SPSS/WIN 21. RESULTS: The individual and group approach experimental groups had significantly lower scores of depression than the control group after the treatment (F=7.50, p=.001). For death anxiety, however, only the individual experimental group had a significantly lower score compared to the control group (F=4.56, p=.013). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the positive psychology improvement program was effective in decreasing depression and death anxiety in the elderly. Therefore, the program needs to be applied in a customized way fittingly to the characteristics of the elderly in community, and individually and/or collectively according to its purposes.
Aged ; Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Humans ; Psychology*

No abstract available.
Apgar Score* ; Depression* ; Humans ; Psychology*

No abstract available.
Apgar Score* ; Depression* ; Humans ; Psychology*

Generalization of learned fear has been considered to be critical for our survival. Patients with anxiety problems show overgeneralization of learned fear, as reflected by defensive physiological responses to harmless stimuli. Together with these physiological responses, conscious feeling of fear is a seminal part of emotional process that is directly related to the suffering of anxiety patients. However, the effect of anxiety on the generalization of conscious feeling remains unclear. We thus focused on the question whether the generalization of conscious feeling of fear depends on individual anxiety level in nonpatient participants. To address this question, we developed a fear generalization paradigm using natural scene images. We found that subjective feeling of fear was generalized to similar stimuli with the conditioned stimuli (CS), and that this generalization of conscious fear was positively correlated with the level of individual anxiety. Anxiety and depression frequently co-occur, but the individual depression level was not correlated with the fear generalization. These suggest that individual anxiety level mainly affects the generalization of conscious fear.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans

The authors studied depression, using Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) in the subjects of 3,499 male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of SDS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total depression scores between male and female students: male students scored 35.68+7.46, female students scored 38.93+7.26 (P<0.01). The depression scores relating to the items of indecisiveness, psychomotor retardation, decreased libido, and diurnal variation were relatively higher in both groups. One hundred and sixty-one male students (4.6%) showed seriously high degree depression scores of 50 or higher, while one-hundred and seventeen female students (8.8%) showed the same scores. Female students attending in liberal arts showed higher level of depression scores (P<0.01). There was a strong tendency toward higher depression scores in the students who were dissatisfies with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic views of self in the past, present or future in both groups (P<0.001).
Atmosphere ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Parents ; Psychology ; Recognition (Psychology)

PURPOSE: This study was designed to construct a structural model explaining alienation, depression, and suicidal thoughts in male and female adolescents. METHOD: Data was collected by questionnairs from 204 male and 208 female students selected randomly in high schools in K city. RESULTS: This study found that depression was significantly affected by alienation, and was indirectly affected through alienation by school attachment, peer relationships, and academic performance. Suicidal thoughts were greatly affected by depression, and were directly and indirectly influenced by alienation. It was confirmed that alienation turned out to be a important mediating variable, while it had a effect significant on depression and suicidal thoughts. Also there were significant differences in affecting factors among male and female students. CONCLUSION: Intervention strategies for preventing alienation, depression and suicidal thoughts should be different according to gender. In addition, specific nursing intervention plans, including parent education and role training programs, fostering of humanistic and achievement-focused educational environment, peer support programs, and individual counselling, need to be developed and implemented to lessen a feeling of alienation from family and school.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Depression/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Loneliness/*psychology ; Male ; *Models, Psychological ; Questionnaires ; Suicide/*psychology

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the state of internet addiction and to investigate the relationships among internet addiction, depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents. METHOD: Participants were 1,670 high school students in an urban city. The Internet Addiction Scale was used to measure internet addiction, the DISC-MDD-SQ was used to measure depression, and the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-JR was used to measure suicidal ideation. RESULT: 38.1% of participants were perceived to be in the early stages of internet addiction and 1.5% reported heavy addiction. Overall the internet addiction scale score was 37.57(+/-12.52). The differences of internet addiction in sample characteristics were found to be significant in rank in class. The differences in DISC-MDD-SQ and IAS scores among the states of internet addiction were statistically significant. The level of internet addiction correlated positively to the level of depression and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION: Based upon these findings, there were significant positive correlations among Internet addiction, depression, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. As schools are often the first line for the identification of potential life-threatening behaviors, nurses, especially school-based health professionals, need to be cognizant of measures and procedures for the assessment of Internet addiction, depression, and suicidal ideation.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis/*psychology ; Depression/diagnosis/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; *Internet ; Male ; Suicide/*psychology

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the association between psychosocial work environment and depressive symptoms among Korean teachers. METHODS: Data on 235 elementary school teachers and 341 middle and high school teachers was obtained from the 2014 Korean Working Condition Survey. The effect of psychosocial work environment on depressive symptoms was determined by multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 18 % in elementary school teachers and 24 % in middle and high school teachers. When adjusted for demographics and other socio-psychological and environmental factors, ‘social community at work’ served as a protection factor for Korean teachers' depressive symptoms. In addition, ‘cognitive demands’ in elementary school teachers and ‘social support from supervisors’ in middle and high school teachers were found to be predictors of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Interventions to increase ‘social community at work’ and ‘social support from supervisors’, and to decrease ‘cognitive demands’ may be helpful for Korean teachers at risk of depression.
Demography ; Depression* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Prevalence ; Psychology

In the present paper, the dreams of a young man, experienced during one and one half years of psychoanalysis, are examined in terms of both therapeutic use and the function of the dream. Major theories of dream interpretation are compared with the author's actual experience in working with the patient's dreams, in order to examine the validity of the various theories. The most frequent function of dreams was found to be wish-fulfillment,* and the most therapeutic function was self-balancing (compensation). Of the various aspects of dream interpretation, the most striking was the strong impact on the patient when his dream provided for him concrete evidence of the links between his early experiences, transference, and current life situation.
Adult ; Depression/psychology ; Dreams* ; Human ; Male ; Psychoanalysis*

In order to examine elderly depression in the elderly that too weakened cognitively, and physically to check depressive symptoms reliably, the authors deviced collateral source version of elderly depression scale and tested it's validity. Sixty elderly depression patients and forty-eight old person in normal group completed the KGDS (Korean Form of Geriatric Depression Scale), and their collateral source (CS) completed a CS version of the KGDS (CS-KGDS). The differences of CS-KGDS means was signified at alpha=.001 level (patients group mean=18.33 (4.71), control group mean=7.60 (5.25), t=11.18). The values of Cronbach's alpha and Split-half reliability were .88 and .81 respectively, and correlational coefficent with KGDS was .68. On factor analysis, 5 factors were extracted. They were labeled 'Physical weakening and decreased vitality' (factor 1), 'Emotional discomfort' (factor 2), 'Negative thinking and Unhappiness feeling' (factor 3), 'Cognitive dysfunction' (factor 4), 'Decreased social interest and activity' (factor 5), which congruous with internal structure of KGDS. The result of discrimination analysis showed 87.09% of hit ratio, and suggested the score of 13 as optimal cut-off score. This cut-off score was identical to that of KGDS. Conclusively, CS-KGDS could be a useful tool for evaluaion of elderly depression instead of KGDS in such case that KGDS can not be administered reliably.
Aged ; Depression* ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Humans ; Thinking