PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the CT features of second branchial cleft cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the computed tomographic images in nine cases of second branchial cleft cyst which was confirmed pathologically. Emphasis was on localization of the masses to fascial spaces as defined by the deep cervical fasica. RESULTS: In all nine cases, the lerions were located in the submandibular and carotid spaces. Among these cases, six(67%) had simultaneous involvement of the other contiguous spaces, such as anterior and posterior cervical spaces. All cases had round or oval, unilocular, cystic masses with partial or complete rim enhancement. In eight cases(89%), smooth and thin walls were observed. In one case, thick wall and septations were noted. No definite calcifications were noted in all cases. The internal contents of cystic masses showed relatively homogeneous appearance, and CT number ranged from 20 to 35.2 Hounsfield unit(HU)(mean, 28.4HU). CONCLUSION: CT diagnosis of second branchial cleft cyst would be easily obtained from recognition of frequent simultaneous involvement of the other contiguous spaces, along with a typical location and characteristic morphology.
Branchial Region* ; Branchioma* ; Diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disorder of the hematopoietic stem cells characterized by chronic intravascular hemolysis, venous thrombosis, deficient hematopoiesis. Kidney involvement is usually benign and secondary to chronic deposition of hemosiderin. However, acute kidney injury may rarely occur in association with a hemolytic crisis or thrombotic complication. Hemolytic crisis is precipitated by nonspecific factors, such as infection, surgery and transfusion. A 35-year-old woman, who developed hemolytic crisis and acute kidney injury was admitted to our hospital presenting with acute gastroenteritis. After being treated by hemodialysis and oral low dose steroid, she was discharged with recovered renal function. Renal biopsy demonstrated acute tubular necrosis with considerable hemosiderin deposition without evidence of vascular thrombosis. A review of Korean cases showed that most of the cases featured severe renal dysfunction to such an extent to require a hemodialysis although there were no definite etiologies other than the deposition of blood iron due to massive hemolysis unlike the foreign cases. It also showed that the disease duration was longer. It can therefore be inferred that the early diagnosis and active treatment will be mandatory for the treatment of Korean patients with PNH. We reported a case of PNH with acute kidney injury and hemolytic crisis and documented by renal biopsy with review of Korean literature.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Adult ; Biopsy ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Gastroenteritis ; Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal ; Hemolysis ; Hemosiderin ; Humans ; Iron ; Kidney ; Korea ; Necrosis ; Renal Dialysis ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thrombosis

Background/Aims: Dietary factors can aggravate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Many IBS patients try restrictive diets to relieve their symptoms, but the types of diets with an exacerbating factor are unknown. Therefore, this paper reports the results of a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) reviewing the efficacy of food restriction diets in IBS. Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched until July 21, 2021, to retrieve RCTs assessing the efficacy of restriction diets in adults with IBS. Two independent reviewers performed the eligibility assessment and data abstraction. RCTs that evaluated a restriction diet versus a control diet and assessed the improvement in global IBS symptoms were included. These trials reported a dichotomous assessment of the overall response to therapy. Results: A total of 1,949 citations were identified. After full-text screening, 14 RCTs were considered eligible for the systematic review and network meta-analysis. A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet and a diet with low-fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) showed significantly better results than a usual diet. Symptom flare-ups in patients on a gluten-free diet were also significantly lower than in those on high-gluten diets. Conclusions These findings showed that the starch- and sucrose-reduced, low FODMAP, and gluten-free diets had superior effects in reducing IBS symptoms. Further studies, including head-to-head trials will be needed to establish the effectiveness of dietary restrictions on IBS symptoms.