The most essential biological profiles in physical and forensic anthropology are age, sex, and populations to be determined. In case of dealing intact skeletons, experts can often determine sex with high accuracy. The external occipital protuberance (EOP) is one of the site among morphologic traits which is used to determine human sex. This study suggests the possibility to determine the sexual dimorphism using the EOP and surrounding anatomical structures in Koreans. After three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull model from Digital Korean Human Databse, the three parts were evaluated using a classification system based on Broca, Gulekon and Turgut. To determine for scoring, this study was used two in two different ways to observe the skull model; one was a lateral view and the other was turning the skull models. In a lateral view, the shape of the occipital area was classified as 'flat' or 'convex' type. After then the scores of the anatomical structures were converted into 4-digits code. In females, the skull was more convex in shape than males but the EOP and inion were lesser projection. In the lateral and turning views, the most common pattern was Type 2 in both sexes. The most common digit code was 2-2-2-0 in males, 2-2-2-1 in females. The digit code is better than simple scoring system for determining sex. The skull in Koreans were more feminine than in other populations in both sexes.
Classification ; Female ; Forensic Anthropology ; Humans ; Male ; Skeleton ; Skull

Nursing students will work to promote the health of patients as a nurse after graduation. Basic nursing science is to improve the quality and efficiency of nursing activity and to form the basis of nursing mandatory major. Anatomy is a curriculum of medical college, for that reason, it does not fit the characteristics of basic nursing science, and it is difficult to study mandatory major. This research was to provide basic data to be improved anatomy curriculum for nursing students using questionnaire about necessity of cadaveric dissection. Questionnaires were distributed to nursing students enrolled in anatomy course and professor taught basic nursing science in nursing college. Eighty-one percentage of nursing student and 95.5% in professor answered to need cadaveric dissection for nursing students. Nursing students answered that it should be helpful to understand about human body and nursing activity. Professors replied to acquire knowledge of human body and be of help to learn. They filled in internal organs and nervous system that have to observe during cadaveric dissection. The result of this research would be used as the basis for the improvement of anatomy curriculum in nursing college.
Cadaver* ; Curriculum ; Human Body ; Humans ; Nervous System ; Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires* ; Students, Nursing*

Sex determination is considered the first and most important process in the identification of unknown skeletal remains. The skull is one of bones with high accuracy to discriminate sexes, but there is no dimorphic studies of Korean skull by discriminant function analysis. The aim of this study was to build and provide an easy and accurate discriminant equation to sex determination by using three-dimensional skull images of Korean. Computed tomography images from 102 cadavers were reconstructed three-dimensional images by computer program. We measured 44 variables using the template in computer program and variables were sorted out items with high accuracy and reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cohen's d value, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The equation with the highest accuracy had 82.7% in males, 82.2% in females, it was constituted bizygomatic diameter, cranial base length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, frontal chord, foramen magnum breadth, and right mastoid length. The cross-validated accuracy had 76.5%~86.7% using 3D skull images in Koreans. The value of variables that matches the other population group study, most of variables had a statistically significant difference among population groups. Male skulls in Koreans were smaller than those in European and female skulls were bigger than in Asian. This result should be helpful to determine sex in Koreans.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cadaver ; Female ; Foramen Magnum ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional* ; Male ; Mastoid ; Population Groups ; ROC Curve ; Skull Base ; Skull*

Most of foot pain occurs by the entrapment of the tibial nerve and its branches. Some studies have reported the location of the tibial nerve; however, textbooks and researches have not described the posterior tibial artery and the relationship between the tibal nerve and the posterior tibial artery in detail. The purpose of this study was to analyze the location of neurovascular structures and bifurcations of the nerve and artery in the ankle region based on the anatomical landmarks. Ninety feet of embalmed human cadavers were examined. All measurements were evaluated based on a reference line. Neurovascular structures were classified based on the relationship between the tibial nerve and the posterior tibial artery. The bifurcation of arteries and nerves were expressed by X- and Y-coordinates. Based on the reference line, 9 measurements were examined. The most common type I (55.6%), was the posterior tibial artery located medial to the tibial nerve. Neurovascular structures were located less than 50% of the distance between M and C from M at the reference line. The bifurcation of the posterior tibial artery was 41% in X-coordinate, -38% in Y-coordinate, and that of the tibial nerve was 48%, and -10%, respectively. Thirteen measurements and classification showed statistically significant differences between both sexes (P<0.05). It is determined the average position of neurovascular structures in the human ankle region and recorded the differences between the sexes and amongst the populations. These results would be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of foot pain.
Ankle ; Ankle Joint* ; Arteries ; Cadaver ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Foot ; Humans ; Tibial Arteries* ; Tibial Nerve*

The knowledge of arterial patterns of donor and recipient sites is very important for performing a flap surgery. In order to perform a flap surgery using the rectus abdominis muscle knowledge of the distributions, tributaries, and anastomoses of the inferior epigastric artery is necessary. The aim of this study was to establish the clinical and anatomical characteristics of the inferior epigastric artery for flap surgery in Koreans. Sixteen fresh cadavers were injected bilaterally with a radiopaque dye solution through the brachial and popliteal arteries, radiographic images were obtained after the anterior abdominal wall was removed surgically. Subsequently, the anterior abdominal walls of the cadavers were dissected and measured by using metric and non-metric methods. In a majority of the cadavers (83.9%), the inferior epigastric artery had only one main stem. Between the umbilicus and the xiphoid process, the most common type of the anastomosis was multiple anastomoses (Type IV, in 32.1% of the cases), followed by no anastomosis (Type I) and single anastomosis (Type II) in 25% of the cases, respectively. The intramuscular branch of the inferior epigastric artery originated from below the umbilicus in 60.7% of the cases and above it in 39.3% of the cases. The peritoneal branch was further divided into 3 types: lateral, medial, and umbilical. One of them coexisted with other branch of specimen. The peritoneal branch commonly originated from the intramuscu-lar branch. The perforating branch, with an external diameter of greater than 0.5 mm, was clinically significant, was dis-tributed around the umbilicus. The number of arterial branches directly perforating the rectus abdominis muscle was greater than that of those traveling anteriorly. The results of this study may enhance the anatomical knowledge of clinicians with respect to flap surgery or surgical treatments involving the anterior abdominal wall.
Abdominal Wall ; Cadaver ; Epigastric Arteries ; Humans ; Muscles ; Popliteal Artery ; Rectus Abdominis ; Tissue Donors ; Umbilicus

The arterial variations of the upper limb are frequently encountered in the human body. However, the appearance of multiple variations in one limb is uncommon. The present arterial variations were found in the right upper limb of 86 years-old female cadaver during a routine dissection. The variations of the arterial patterns are as follows: 1. Two thyrocervical trunks from subclavian artery and the internal thoracic artery is rising from lateral branch of thyrocervical trunks. 2. Thoracoacromial artery was divided two branches and the lateral thoracic artery arises from the small of two branches. 3. The distance of bifurcation of the brachial artery is 14.9 mm from the inferior border of teres major muscle. Medial branch of the brachial artery passes along the median nerve and becomes radial artery. Lateral branch of the brachial artery passes along the median nerve and becomes ulnar artery. 4. Bifurcation of radial artery is occurred at the distance of 46.9 mm from styloid process of radius. Deep palmar branch of radial artery is bifurcated on dorsum of hand. Branches for supplying first and second fingers arise from superficial palmar arch. The arterial variations of the upper limb could be caused a several bleeding in intravenous injection or surgeries and a wrong diagnosis. The knowledge of the arterial variation of the upper limb should be decreased to raise clinical problems.
Arteries ; Brachial Artery ; Cadaver ; Extremities ; Female ; Fingers ; Hand ; Hemorrhage ; Human Body ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Mammary Arteries ; Median Nerve ; Muscles ; Radial Artery ; Radius ; Subclavian Artery ; Thoracic Arteries ; Ulnar Artery ; Upper Extremity

Rib seriation has not been used to identify individual human skeletal remains in Koreans. Accurate rib seriation is important for determining rib number and for establishing an individual's age at death. The aim of this study was to use a previously published quantitative method to correctly predict rib sequencing in Koreans. We used complete rib sets of 54 individuals and measured three variables: AFTAL (articular facet of the tubercle-toangle length), HAFL (head-to-articular facet length), and SCTCH (superior costo-transverse crest height). AFTAL and SCTCH were more useful than HAFL for predicting rib seriation, and AFTAL produced the simplest equation for determining sex. In the ranking, the cumulative percentage of AFTAL was 79% with an error of 0, and the range of seriation error was +/-4. Compared to other studies using European measures, AFTAL showed greater accuracy of rib seriation in this study of Korean ribs. In fact, both AFTAL and AFTAL with SCTCH accurately predicted rib 4 in 94% of cases. AFTAL was the most accurate, and use of both SCTCH and AFTAL yielded better results than either alone. Thus, the high accuracy and predictive ability showed that this method is useful for measuring rib seriation in Koreans.
Humans ; Ribs

BACKGROUND: It is well known that the prevalence of lung cancer is higher in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF) patients than in the general population. This high prevalence is explained by the concept of 'scar carcinoma'. There have been several reports on the prevalence of histologic type of lung cancer in IPF with conflicting results. Despite of the high smoker rate in almost all previous reports, none considered the smoking history of patients. Therefore we performed a separate studies on fibrosis associated lung cancer and smoking associated lung cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the proportion of lung cancer in IPF that is fibrosis assiciated and to determine the most common histologic type in fibrosis associated lung cancer in IPF. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records and radilolgic studies was performed for cases of lung cancer with IPF. We investigated smoking history, sequence of diagnosis of lung cancer and IPF, histologic type of lung cancer and the cancer location, especially whether the location is associated with fibrosis. To evaluate the proportion of fibrous associated lung cancer, the lung cancer in IPF were categorized according to the presence of fibrosis at cancer location. RESULTS: Fifty seven patients were subjects for this analysis. Six(11%) cases were diagnosed as lung cancer during follow-up for IPF, and both diseases were diagnosed simultaneously in the others. Ninety four percent of patients were smokers and the average smoking amount was 47.1±21.9 pack-year. Among the patients with IPF and lung cancer, 42(80.8%) cases were considered as 'fibrosis associated'. The remainder was 'not fibrosis associated' and probably was due to smoking etc. Although the most frequent histologic type was squamous cell carcinoma as a whole, adenocarcinoma was the prominent histologic type in 'fibrosis associated lung cancer.' CONCLUSION: Considering the proportion of 'fibrosis not associated lung cancer' in the patients with IPF and lung cancer, significant proportion of lung cancer in IPF may not be fibrosis induced. This may influence the distribution of histologic type of lung cancer in IPF.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Diagnosis ; Fibrosis* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis* ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Medical Records ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking

The embryologic origin of the omohyoid muscle is different from that of the other neck muscles. A number of variations such as the absence of muscle, variable sites of origin and insertion, and multiple bellies have been reported. However, variations in the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle are rare. There have been no reports of the combined occurrence of the omohyoid muscle variation with the appearance of the levator glandulase thyroideae muscle. Routine dissection of a 51-year-old female cadaver revealed a duplicated omohyoid muscle and the appearance of the levator glandulae thyroideae muscle. In this case, the two inferior bellies of the omohyoid muscle were found to originate inferiorly from the superior border of the scapula. One of the inferior bellies generally continued to the superior belly with the tendinous intersection. The other inferior belly continued into the sternohyoid muscle without the tendinous intersection. In this case, the levator glandulae thyroideae muscle appeared on the left side, which attached from the upper border of the thyroid gland to the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage. These variations are significant for clinicians during endoscopic diagnosis and surgery because of the arterial and nervous damage due to iatrogenic injuries. The embryologic origins of the omohyoid and levator glandulae thyroideae muscles may be similar based on the descriptions in the relevant literature.
Cadaver ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Models, Anatomic ; Models, Biological ; Muscle, Skeletal/*abnormalities/pathology ; Neck Muscles/*abnormalities/*anatomy & histology

Forensic anthropology is helpful for correct and fast identification of unknown individuals in mass disaster or from unidentified skeletal remains. It is based on the data of the physical anthropology and applied to the identification in many countries. The purpose of this study is to statistically analyze the 290 forensic records by an office request at NISI during 6 years and to suggest the research model for physical anthropological data that would be helpful to be used at the forensic field. The most common excavated bone was a hard bone as skull and long bones and an unknown place was the most common excavation seat over 50% among the recording place. The probability of excavation with adjacent bone was high and the small sized bones, such as phalanges of hand and foot, were excavated rarely. The incomplete or fragmented bones were found more frequently than of complete. For this reason, we think that will show the priority order of the forensic and physical anthropologic studies in Korea and the necessity of the anatomical education for police officers and inspectors of forensic fields.
Anthropology, Physical ; Disasters ; Foot ; Forensic Anthropology ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Korea ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Police ; Skull