No abstract available.
Titanium*

PURPOSE: Salivary fluid formation is primarily driven by Ca2+-activated, apical efflux of chloride into the lumen of the salivary acinus. The anoctamin1 protein is an anion channel with properties resembling the endogenous calcium-activated chloride channels. In order to better understand the role of anoctamin proteins in salivary exocrine secretion, the expression of the ten members of the anoctamin gene family in the mouse submandibular gland was studied. METHODS: Total RNA extracted from mouse submandibular salivary glands was reverse transcribed using primer pairs to amplify the full-length coding regions of each anoctamin gene and was subcloned into plasmid vectors for DNA sequencing. Alternative splice variants were also screened by polymerase chain reaction using primer pairs that amplified six overlapping regions of the complementary DNA of each anoctamin gene, spanning multiple exons. RESULTS: Multiple anoctamin transcripts were found in the mouse submandibular salivary gland, including full-length transcripts of anoctamin1, anoctamin3, anoctamin4, anoctamin5, anoctamin6, anoctamin9, and anoctamin10. Exon-skipping splicing in the N-terminal exons of the anoctamins1, anoctamin5, and anoctamin6 genes resulted in multiple alternative splice variants. No expression of anoctamin2, anoctamin7, or anoctamin8 was found. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant anoctamin transcript expressed in the mouse submandibular gland is anoctamin1ac. The chloride channel protein produced by anoctamin1ac is likely responsible for the Ca2+-activated chloride efflux, which is the rate-limiting step in salivary exocrine secretion.
Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Chloride Channels ; Clinical Coding ; DNA, Complementary ; Exons ; Humans ; Mice* ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA ; Salivary Glands* ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Submandibular Gland

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the significant factors for risk estimate of aspiration and to evaluate the efficiency of the dysphagia assessment tool. METHODS: A consecutive series of 210 stroke patients with aspiration symptoms such as cough and dysphagia who had soft or regular diet without tube feeding were examined. The dysphagia assessment tool for aspiration was compared with videofluoroscopy using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. RESULTS: In CART analysis, of 34 factors, the significant factors for estimating risk of aspiration were cough during swallowing, oral stasis, facial symmetry, salivary drooling, and cough after swallowing. The risk estimate error of the revised dysphagia assessment tool was 25.2%, equal to that of videofluoroscopy. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the dysphagia assessment tool developed and examined in this study was potentially useful in the clinical field and the primary risk estimating factor was cough during swallowing. Oral stasis, facial symmetry, salivary drooling, cough after swallowing were other significant factors, and based on these results, the dysphagia assessment tool for aspiration was revised and complemented.
Adult ; Aged ; Cough ; Deglutition ; Deglutition Disorders/complications/*diagnosis ; Facial Asymmetry ; Female ; Fluoroscopy/methods ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Assessment ; Stroke/*complications/radiography/therapy

This study surveyed and measured the level and structure of cancer deaths and their trends over time for offering the fundamental data of the cancer prevention and control in Pusan city in the future. Authors conducted the study of descriptive epidemiology using materials derived from the computerized data of total 3,722 certified cancer deaths in Pusan city from January 1 to December 31, 1993 registered on the National Statistical Office, the Republic of Korea. The obtained results were as follows: 1. According to the total registered cases of deaths(16,331 cases) in Pusan city during 1993, cancer(3,722 cases) and cerebrovascular disease(2,718 cases) were the first and second cause of deaths as 23.1% and 16.9%, respectively. These pattern showed the change between cancer(14.7%) and cerebrovascular disease(18.5%) in order of frequency in comparison to 1982. Also, the total number of cancer deaths was increased in comparison to 1982. The rate of death certification by physicians was 87.1% of all registered deaths, which was increased to 6.8% in comparison to 1982(80.3%). 2. Crude death rate and cancer specific death rate was 4.06 per 1,000 populations and 93.8 per 100,000 populations(male:117.8, female:70.0), respectively. The former was similar to that of 1982, but the latter was increased to 1.6 times as that of 1982. 3. Age-adjusted cancer specific death rate by standardization with whole country population was 111.9(male:141.5, female:106.7) per 100,000 populations, higher than not age-adjusted cancer specific death rate(93.8), and the sex difference was statistically significant with male predominance(p<0.05). 4. Cancer specific death rate by age was generally increased with age and most of cancer deaths(male:91.8%, female:88.5%) occurred since 40 years old. 5. The major cancer(cancer specific death rate per 100,000 populations) in male was liver(30.6) followed by stomach(25.6), lung(21.9), and GB and EHBD(5.7), in female stomach(15.7), liver(9.9), lung(7.3), and uterus(6.9). The relative frequency of the leading three cancer among total cancer deaths marked 66.3% in male and 47.1% in female, and decreased in comparison to 1982(male:72.2%, female:54.5%). 6. The total ratio of male to female cancer specific death rate showed 1.68 to 1 with male predominance. And the ratio was above 2.0 in larynx, oral cavity & pharynx, esophagus, liver, lung, bladder cancer and the ratio was 1.0~1.9 in stomach, pancreas, gall bladder and EHBD, brain, rectum and anus cancer, leukemia, but the ratio was reversed in thyroid and colon cancer. In conclusion, cancer was the first cause of deaths. The proportion of lung cancer was increased, that of stomach & uterine cancer was decreased relatively, and liver cancer was constantly higher proportion. In the future, it is necessary to conduct the further investigations on the cancer risk factors considering areal specificity.
Adult ; Anus Neoplasms ; Brain ; Busan* ; Cause of Death ; Certification ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Esophagus ; Female ; Humans ; Larynx ; Leukemia ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Mortality ; Mouth ; Pancreas ; Pharynx ; Rectum ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sex Characteristics ; Stomach ; Thyroid Gland ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Uterine Neoplasms

Background: The impact of reflux esophagitis on the decline of lung function has been rarely reported. This study was performed to evaluate the association between erosive reflux esophagitis and lung function changes. Methods: We included patients with normal lung function who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy for health screening from a health screening center. Patients with persistent erosive reflux esophagitis on two discrete endoscopic examinations were designated as the erosive reflux esophagitis group. We also selected patients without erosive reflux esophagitis and matched them 1:4 with patients from the erosive reflux esophagitis group. We estimated annual forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC) changes from baseline and compared these estimates by the linear mixed regression model. We also estimated the biannual incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Results: In total, 1,050 patients (210 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis, and 840 matched controls) were included. The median follow-up duration for spirometry was six years. In patients with erosive reflux esophagitis, mild reflux esophagitis (A grade) was most common (165 patients, 78.6%). The adjusted annual FEV1 change in patients with erosive reflux esophagitis was −51.8 mL/yr, while it decreased by 46.8 mL/yr in controls (P = 0.270).The adjusted annual FVC decline was similar between the two groups (−55.8 vs. −50.5 mL/ yr, P = 0.215). The estimated COPD incidence during the follow-up period was not different between the erosive reflux esophagitis and control groups. Conclusion In patients with normal lung function, the presence of erosive reflux esophagitis did not affect the annual declines in FEV1 or FVC.

Background: The impact of reflux esophagitis on the decline of lung function has been rarely reported. This study was performed to evaluate the association between erosive reflux esophagitis and lung function changes. Methods: We included patients with normal lung function who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy for health screening from a health screening center. Patients with persistent erosive reflux esophagitis on two discrete endoscopic examinations were designated as the erosive reflux esophagitis group. We also selected patients without erosive reflux esophagitis and matched them 1:4 with patients from the erosive reflux esophagitis group. We estimated annual forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC) changes from baseline and compared these estimates by the linear mixed regression model. We also estimated the biannual incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Results: In total, 1,050 patients (210 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis, and 840 matched controls) were included. The median follow-up duration for spirometry was six years. In patients with erosive reflux esophagitis, mild reflux esophagitis (A grade) was most common (165 patients, 78.6%). The adjusted annual FEV1 change in patients with erosive reflux esophagitis was −51.8 mL/yr, while it decreased by 46.8 mL/yr in controls (P = 0.270).The adjusted annual FVC decline was similar between the two groups (−55.8 vs. −50.5 mL/ yr, P = 0.215). The estimated COPD incidence during the follow-up period was not different between the erosive reflux esophagitis and control groups. Conclusion In patients with normal lung function, the presence of erosive reflux esophagitis did not affect the annual declines in FEV1 or FVC.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of post-enhanced delayed FLAIR (fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery) images in the diagnosis of leptomeningitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained the pre- and post-enhanced FLAIR images of 7 rabbits every hour after infusing triple doses of contrast, and we measured the signal intensities of the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and the brain parenchyma. Five leptomeningitis patients and 5 volunteers were enrolled to obtain the pre-enhanced FLAIR images, the early post-enhanced FLAIR images and the delayed post-enhanced FLAIR images, with using a standard dose of contrast, and to measure the signal intensities of the CSF and brain parenchyma. The statistical significances were determined by a mixed procedure and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (p<0.05). RESULTS: In the rabbits, the signal intensities of the CSF began to increase after an hour of contrast infusion, but those of the parenchyma did not increase. The time of maximum CSF enhancement was 2 hours after contrast infusion (p<0.001; standard estimate=750.43) and we obtained the post-enhanced delayed FLAIR images for clinical studies according to this result. The signal intensities of the CSF in the subarachnoid space were higher in the patient group compared with those of the normal control group on both the early post-enhanced FLAIR images and the delayed post-enhanced FLAIR images (p=0.0096) (p=0.0391). In the patient group, changes of signal intensities of the CSF in the subarachnoid space were more conspicuous on the delayed post-enhanced FLAIR images than on the early post-enhanced FLAIR images (p=0.0042). However, those of the parenchyma were not different in either group. CONCLUSION: The post-enhanced delayed FLAIR images obtained at 2 hours after contrast infusion are more useful for making the the diagnosis of leptomeningitis than are the post-enhanced early FLAIR images.
Brain ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Rabbits ; Subarachnoid Space ; Volunteers

The computer imaging process is becoming a popular procedure in the research of the craniofacial skeleton. In acquisition of the digital data of computer tomography (CT), the position of the head is likely to vary each time. The difference in head position results in different orientations on actual images, which in turn may result in misinterpretation of the image. The purpose of this study is to point out the importance of position alignment between CT databases before pursuing research by comparing the images of different position alignment To show the significance of the alignment of CT scan, eleven target points were selected from CT scan and the coordinates were obtained from the different position of the aligned CT scan by the nasion, basion, and bilateral external auditory meatus. The target points were divided into three groups-the central points, the lateral points, and the mid points groups, depending on their positional configuration from the mid- sagittal plane. The alignment of CT scan was processed by volume rendering method and the coordinates of target points were taken from the three dimensional images with different position. The aligned CT images rotated by 10 degrees with respect to the X-axis, the (X- and Y-axes), and the (X-, Y-, and Z axes), respectively. Eleven target points were measured from these rotated images one per day, for 10 days, by a plastic surgeon. The mean coordinates from the 10 trials were defined as the gold standard values for the other 10 times measurement. The measurement error(ME) of the central points group was lower than that of the mid points group, and the ME of the mid points group was lower than that of the lateral points group. The ME increased as the distance from the center to target point increased. However the ME of aligned CT images was the lowest of all the rotated cases. For the mean ME of the 11 points, aligned image, the X-axis(X- and Y-axes), and (X-, Y-, and Z-axes) rotation were 0.97, 1.53, 1.62 and 1.77 mm, respectively. Among three rotated cases, ME of the(X-, Y-, and Z-axes) rotation had the highest one. Above results mean that the chance of incorrectly localizing the target points could be significantly reduced if the skull CT images were aligned, in the research of the measurement of craniofacial skeleton from CT scan.
Head ; Skeleton ; Skull ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Three unilateral craniosynostosis (plagiocephaly) patients who had undergone the cranial vault surgery in 4,9,18 months after birth were evaluated. The CT scans were obtained with high resolution. The CT scan data were reconstructed three dimensionally via Analyze AVW software, and visualized as volume rendering mode. The reconstructed volume data was realigned using 4 anatomical landmarks, nasion, basion, left and right external auditory meatus. After all data sets were realigned with same orientation, the target axial slice was obtained. The target slices are determined that is passing the center of the sellar trucica. The anterior, posterior and lateral distances were measured and the midsagittal angles were measured on the selected target slices. The pre- and post-operative data of measurement were compared. As results, the growth of affected side was seemed to be more rapid than that of normal side in patients who had undergone surgery at the time of 4 and 9 months old. Midsagittal angle was also increased up to about 180 degrees. However it was not definite in the 18month old patient. These results can be an evidence of the compensatory growth of the synostotic cranial base of synostosed side as same as other previous reports, however, much more cases should be examined to make the results to be more objective.
Craniosynostoses* ; Dataset ; Humans ; Infant ; Parturition ; Skull Base* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed*

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Salmonella is useful method for replacing serotyping using antisera but is limited by difficulties associated with in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We optimized the PCR reaction, especially annealing temperature and extension time (94degrees C for 2 min; 40 cycles at 94degrees C for 30 sec, 56.8degrees C for 1 min, 72degrees C for 2 min; and 72degrees C for 10 min). The degradation of PCR product by thermostable nucleases was inhibited by using template DNAs treated proteinase K or purified by a commercialized preparation kit. The resulting modified MLST was used as accurate and fast typing method.
DNA ; Endopeptidase K ; Immune Sera ; Multilocus Sequence Typing* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Salmonella* ; Serotyping*