The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of an additional application of bonding resin on the bond strength of resin luting cements in both the light-cure (LC) and self-cure (SC) modes by means of the microTBS tests. Three combinations of One-Step Plus with Choice, Single Bond with Rely X ARC, and One-Up Bond F with Bistite II were used. D/E resin and Pre-Bond resin were used for the additional application. Twelve experimental groups were made. Three mandibular 3rd molars were used in each group. Indirect composite blocks were cemented on the tooth surface. 1 x 1 mm2 dentin-composite beam for microTBS testing were made and tested. When total-etching dentin adhesives were used, an additional application of the bonding resin increased the bond strength (P < 0.05). However, this additional application didn't influence the bond strength of self-etching dentin adhesives (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that an additional application of the bonding resin increases bond strength and enhances quality of bonding when using total-etching dentin adhesives.
Adhesives ; Dentin ; Dentin Permeability ; Molar ; Resin Cements* ; Tooth

PURPOSE: The effects of desensitizing agent are often for a short duration. One of the reasons is believed to be wear of desensitizing agent by tooth brushing. To reduce the wear and make the duration longer, dental bonding resin was applied and the changes of dentin permeability after toothbrushing were measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracted teeth free from caries were chosen. Coronal dentin discs with thickness of 1 mm were prepared. Using the split chamber device developed by Pashely, hydraulic conductance and scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were compared and contrasted before and immediately after the application of desensitizing agent and bonding resin and then after equivalent tooth brushing of 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks. Four commercially available desensitizing agents were used in this study; they were All-Bond 2, Seal & Protect, Gluma, and MS Coat. And Dentin/Enamel Bonding resin (Bisco Inc.) was used. The results of this study are as follows. RESULTS: On all specimens, the hydraulic conductance decreased after the application of tooth desensitizing agent and bonding resin. Compared with the specimens treated only with desensitizer, the specimens treated with All-Bond 2, Gluma, MS Coat and plus D/E bonding resin had a little increase in hydraulic conductance after 1, 2 and 6-week tooth brushing. In case of Seal & Protect, the specimens showed the same result only after 6-week tooth brushing. On examination of SEM, the dentinal tubule diameter had decreased after treatment of desensitizing agents and bonding resin. And the specimens treated with All-Bond2, Seal&Protect, Gluma, MS Coat and plus D/E bonding resin had an significant decrease in diameter of dentinal tubule after 6-week tooth brushing. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, it is effective to use bonding resin after application of desensitizer in reducing the wear by tooth brushing and making the duration longer. In this study, just 6-week tooth brushing was performed, and it is not enough to regard it as a long-term data. So further study is needed and more perfect method for treating dentin hypersensitivity should be developed.
Dental Bonding ; Dentin ; Dentin Permeability* ; Dentin Sensitivity ; Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Tooth* ; Toothbrushing

Before impression making in the fixed restorations or other prosthesis, hemostatic solutions are used for hemostasis and moisture control. Hemostatic solutions effectively control bleeding but their major ingredients, acid removes smear layers which are formed in the tooth preparation, exposes the dentinal tubular orifices which are occluded by smear layers, makes dentinal tubular fluid displace more easily to the various external stimulus, and according to the hydrodynamic theory, consequently causes dentin hypersensitivity. To know the effect of hemostatic solutions on dentin permeability, coronal dentin discs, 1 mm in thickness, were prepared from extracted third molars free from decay and wear, and a spilt chamber device was used. Hydraulic conductance values and SEMs, which were measured before and after treatment with Astringedentr , Altract and Epri-dent , were compared and analyzed. The following conclusion were drawn : 1. Hydraulic conductance values which wee measured after the treatment of hemostatic solutions were increased in all groups(p<0.05). 2. %change values of hydraulic conductance were compared but no significant difference was found among the three hemostatic solutions(p<0.05). 3. on SEM observations of all groups, after treatment smear layers were removed and dentinal tubular orifices were partially exposed. on the basis of these conclusions, the reckless use of hemostatic solutions should be restricted, and when in use, various methods should be considered to protect dentin.
Dentin Permeability* ; Dentin Sensitivity ; Dentin* ; Hemorrhage ; Hemostasis ; Hydrodynamics ; Molar, Third ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth Preparation

The purpose of this study was to prove that an intermediate resin layer (IRL) can increase the bond strength to dentin by reducing the permeability of single-step adhesives. Flat dentin surfaces were created on buccal and lingual side of freshly extracted third molar using a low-speed diamond saw under copious water flow. Approximately 2.0 mm thick axially sectioned dentin slice was abraded with wet #600 SiC paper. Three single-step self-etch adhesives; Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), One-Up Bond F (Tokuyama Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and Xeno III (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) were used in this study. Each adhesive groups were again subdivided into ten groups by; whether IRL was used or not; whether adhesives were cured with light before application of IRL or not; the mode of composite application. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Bond strength of single-step adhesives increased by an additional coating of intermediate resin layer, and this increasement was statistically signigicant when self-cured composite was used (p < 0.001). 2. When using IRL, there were no difference on bond strengths regardless the curing procedure of single-step adhesives. 3. There were no significant difference on bond strengths between usage of AB2 or SM as an IRL. 4. The thickness of hybrid layer was correlated with the acidity of adhesive used, and the nanoleakage represented by silver deposits and grains was examined within hybrid and adhesive layer in most of single-step adhesives. 5. Neither thickness of hybrid layer nor nanoleakage were related to bond strength.
Adhesives* ; Edible Grain ; Dentin* ; Diamond ; Molar, Third ; Permeability ; Silver ; Water

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine changes in the dentinal fluid flow (DFF) during desensitizing agent application and to compare permeability after application among the agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Class 5 cavity was prepared to exposure cervical dentin on an extracted human premolar which was connected to a sub-nanoliter fluid flow measuring device (NFMD) under 20 cm water pressure. DFF was measured from before application of desensitizing agent (Seal&Protect, SP; SuperSeal, SS; BisBlock, BB; Gluma desensitizer, GL; Bi-Fluoride 12, BF) through application procedure to 5 min after application. RESULTS: DFF rate after each desensitizing agent application was significantly reduced when compared to initial DFF rate before application (p < 0.05). SP showed a greater reduction in DFF rate than GL and BF did (p < 0.05). SS and BB showed a greater reduction in DFF rate than BF did (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Characteristic DFF aspect of each desensitizing agent was shown in NFMD during the application procedure.
Bicuspid ; Dentin ; Dentin Sensitivity ; Dentinal Fluid ; Glutaral ; Humans ; Methacrylates ; Oxalic Acid ; Permeability ; Water

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of three dentine desensitizers on the surface morphology of freshly exposed dentin and to evaluate their occlusion effects on dentinal tubules using scanning electron microscope (SEM). METHODS: A total of 16 isolated human premolar samples, which were prepared to expose dentine, were randomly divided into a control group (n=4), a Hybrid Coat group (n=4), a Prime & Bond NT group (n=4), and a anti-sensitivity toothpaste group (n=4). After treatment with dentine desensitizers, one half of the samples in each group were vertically cleaved. Finally, the surfaces and cross sections of the samples were observed by SEM. RESULTS: The exposed tubule was almost occluded in the Hybrid Coat group and the Prime & Bond NT group, while only the majority of tubules could be sealed in the anti-sensitivity toothpaste group. The cross-section images showed that sediments were visible in all groups except the control group. CONCLUSION Hybrid Coat and Prime & Bond NT are able to effectively seal tubules, while the effect of anti-sensitivity toothpaste is slightly poor.
Dentin ; ultrastructure ; Dentin Desensitizing Agents ; pharmacology ; Dentin Permeability ; drug effects ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Polymethacrylic Acids ; pharmacology ; Toothpastes ; pharmacology

The purpose of this study was to perform quantitative comparisons of water permeable zones in both the adhesive and the hybrid layer before and after thermocycling in order to assess the integrity of the bonding interface. Twenty eight flat dentin surfaces were bonded with a light-cured composite resin using one of four commercial adhesives [OptiBond FL (OP), AdheSE (AD), Clearfil SE Bond (CL), and Xeno III (XE)]. These were sectioned into halves and subsequently cut to yield 2-mm thick specimens; one specimen for control and the other subjected to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. After specimens were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate for 24 h and exposed to a photo developing solution for 8 h, the bonded interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) at five locations per specimen. Immediately after bonding, the adhesive layer of OP showed the lowest silver uptake, followed by CL, AD, and XE in ascending order (p < 0.0001); the hybrid layer of CL had the lowest silver content among the groups (p = 0.0039). After thermocycling, none of the adhesives manifested a significant increase of silver in either the adhesive or the hybrid layer. SEM demonstrated the characteristic silver penetrated patterns within the interface. It was observed that integrity of bonding was well maintained in OP and CL throughout the thermocycling process. Adhesive-tooth interfaces are vulnerable to hydrolytic degradation and its permeability varies in different adhesive systems, which may be clinically related to the restoration longevity.
Adhesives ; Chimera ; Dentin ; Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Longevity ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Permeability ; Resin Cements ; Silver ; Silver Nitrate ; Spectrum Analysis

Compomer is composed of matrix and filler; matrix is made of the combination of resins and polycarboxylic molecules that are light-cured, and a filler is a glass component which is capable of ion-release. The resin content of compomers produces polymerization shrinkage which can adversely affect marginal adaptation. Pretreatment is a fundamental step which is treated with conditioner or primer in the use of these materials. Microleakage of restorative materials has been investigated mostly by dye penetration method. Dye penetration method was not quantitative and not measured repeatedly. Fluid filtration method, introduced and developed by Pashley's group, has been extensively used for 20 years for research purpose to understand the physiology of dentin, as well as the effects of various restorative treatments on dentin permeability. It permits quantitative, nondestructive measurment of microleakage in a longitudinal manner. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change of dentin permeability according to the process of compomer restoration. In this study, ClV cavities were prepared on buccal surface of thirty extracted human molars. The prepared cavities were etched by 37% phosphoric acid. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was treated with following materials; Group 1 : Prime & Bond NT/Dyract AP, Group2 : Single Bond/F2000 compomer, Group 3 : Syntac Single Component/Compoglass. The bonding agent and compomer were applied for each group following manufacturers information. Dentin permeability of each group was measured at each process by fluid filtration method; Step 1 : preparation(smear layer), Step 2 : etching(smear layer removal), Step 3 : applying the bonding agent, Step 4 : filling the compomer. Dentin permeability was expressed by hydraulic conductance(microl min(-1)cmH2O(-1)). The data were analysed statistically using One-way ANOVA and Sheffe's method. The results were as follows : 1. Dentin permeability differences between each process were significant except between step 1 and step 2(p<0.01). 2. Dentin permeability after removal of smear layer was highly increased(p<0.01). 3. In most case, decrease of dentin permeability was obtained by applying bonding agent(p<0.01). 4. Dentin permeability differences among the experimental groups were not significant(p>0.05). 5. None of compomers used in this study showed perfect seal at the interface.
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate ; Compomers ; Dentin ; Dentin Permeability ; Filtration ; Glass ; Humans ; Molar ; Phosphoric Acids ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Polymethacrylic Acids ; Smear Layer ; Tooth

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the occluding effects of three new calcium desensitizers on dentinal tubules in vitro.

METHODSTwenty-five dentin specimens of 1.00 mm thick from freshly extracted third molars were divided into five groups randomly. After treatment with 6% citric acid, group A was treated with distilled water, and group B-E were treated with NovaMin, Pro-Argin, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and 75% NaF glycerin for 2 min respectively. Then the teeth were vertically cleaved into two sections. The surfaces and cross sections were observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), which were analyzed by the Image-Pro Plus software.

RESULTSThe percentage of dentin tubules sealed were (81.6 ± 6.1)%, (71.5 ± 6.3)%, (43.2 ± 2.6)%, (39.9 ± 4.1)% for groups B, C, D and E respectively, and the occluding depth were (30.33 ± 2.26), (24.55 ± 2.58), (16.10 ± 4.65) and (8.90 ± 1.51) µm respectively. The differences between these groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01) except for group B and C (P > 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between all the groups for the Ca/P ratios (P = 0.342).

CONCLUSIONSNovaMin may have better immediate occluding effects than other desensitizers and could deposit a dentin-like mineral.

Arginine ; pharmacology ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium Carbonate ; pharmacology ; Caseins ; pharmacology ; Dentin ; drug effects ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Dentin Desensitizing Agents ; pharmacology ; Dentin Permeability ; drug effects ; Dentin Sensitivity ; Fluorides ; pharmacology ; Glass ; chemistry ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phosphates ; pharmacology ; Phosphorus ; metabolism ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission

The aim of this article was to examine the research articles regarding biological and mechanical properties of cryopreserved teeth for potential use in tooth transplantation. A systematic review of literatures was performed by Pubmed searching with assigned key words from January 1, 1990 to June 8, 2009. All articles were examined for inclusion criteria. Secondary search was conducted by hand-search through references of included articles from primary search. A total of 24 articles were obtained from both primary and secondary search and used as fundamental articles in this review. Periodontal ligament tissues of cryopreserved teeth were able to maintain their biological properties resulted in a satisfactory healing of periodontium. Dental pulp tissues, however, may be compromised by limitation of permeability of cryopreservative agent into pulp cavity. Therefore, an endodontic treatment of transplanted cryopreserved teeth was recommended. Cryopreserved teeth had comparable mechanical properties to those of normal teeth. Importantly, the success of cryopreserved tooth transplantation treatment in orthodontic patients was reported. The cryopreserved teeth for tooth banking have a potential clinical application for treatment of missing teeth. Case selection, however, is critical for treatment success. More studies and data regarding masticatory function and periodontal healing of transplanted cryopreserved teeth are needed.
Cryopreservation ; methods ; Dental Enamel Permeability ; Dental Pulp ; blood supply ; cytology ; physiopathology ; Dentin Permeability ; Humans ; Periodontal Ligament ; physiology ; Tissue Banks ; Tooth ; transplantation