OBJECTIVETo compare the periodontal indices and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) between the use of self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets.

METHODSThirty patients were divided into 2 groups(n=15). Self-ligating brackets were used in the experimental group. Conventional brackets were used in the control group. Clinical periodontal indices, including plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI) and probing depth (PD) of observed teeth were examined at three different time points: Before orthodontic treatment, the first month after treatment and the third month after treatment. Subgingival plaques were collected simultaneously at each time point. The number of total bacteria and P. gingivalis in each sample were detectd and quantitated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the percentage of P. gingivalis in total bacteria was obtained.

RESULTSBefore treatment, the periodontal indices and the percentage of P. gingivalis in total bacteria had no difference between the two groups (P>0.05). After 1 and 3 months respectively, the periodontal indices and the percentage of P. gingivalis in total bacteria increased with time (P<0.05) and were obviously lower than those of the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONCompared with conventional brackets, the self-ligating brackets are better for periodontal health. But it is adverse effect on oral health.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare Plaque Percent Index (PPI), calculated by Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHPI), Rustogi's modification of the Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI), and the Quigley & Hein Plaque Index (QHPI), with visual assessment. METHODS: Ninety-six subjects, aged between 30–65 years, were examined; twenty subjects were included in the final analysis. The subjects' teeth were stained and photographed. Dental coloring and intraoral camera photography were performed by a single examiner. The oral images obtained were analyzed using Image J to measure the area of dental plaque. The values of PHPI, RMNPI, and QHPI were calculated twice. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The results of the correlation analyses of PPI with PHPI, QHPI, and RMNPI were as follows: for PHPI, the correlation coefficient (r)=0.584; for QHPI, r=0.689; and for RMNPI, r=0.729. Further, the kappa indices of PHPI, QHPI, and RMNPI were 0.810, 0.677, and 0.590 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among RMNPI, QHPI, and PHPI dental plaque indices, RMNPI and QHPI showed a high degree of correlation with the actual stained dental plaque area; on the other hand, PHPI showed the highest kappa index.
Dental Plaque Index* ; Dental Plaque* ; Hand ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Photography ; Tooth

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the abutment periodontium condition after restored with the distal-extension extracoronal attachment dentures.

METHODS20 mandibular distal-extension cases were followed up, to measure the gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PLI) of the distant-abutments before restored with attachment dentures and after restored for one month, six months and one year; to compare the length of distant alveolar bone before restored with that after restored one year by taking digital stomatology tomogram photos.

RESULTSThere were not significantly different in the PLI of distant-abutment between before repaired and after repaired one month, six months, one year (P > 0.05). There were not significantly different in the GI of distant-abutment between before repaired and after repaired one month, six months (P > 0.05), but the GI of distant-abutment after repaired one year was significantly higher than that before repaired (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences on the length of distant alveolar bone in distant-abutment before repaired and after repaired one year(P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIt is important to protect the periodontal health of the abutment when restored with distal-extension extracoronal attachment dentures. It is necessary to examine periodically after restored in order to keep the periodontal health of the abutment.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the treatment effects of periodontal endoscope-assisted and traditional subgingival scaling on residual pockets. METHODS: A total of 13 patients with periodontitis from Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University were recruited. After 4-6 weeks of initial treatment, the residual pockets with a probing depth (PD) of ≥4 mm and attachment loss (AL) of ≥4 mm and bleeding on probing were examined with traditional (control group) and periodontal endoscope-assisted subgingival scaling (endoscopy group) in a randomly controlled split-mouth design. At baseline and 6 weeks and 3 months after treatment, plaque index (PLI), PD, AL, and bleeding index (BI) were measured. Differences in these clinical parameters within and between groups and patient-reported outcomes were compared. RESULTS: A total of the 694 sites of 251 teeth were included in this trial. Both groups showed significant improvement in each periodontal parameters 6 weeks and 3 months after treatment ( CONCLUSIONS Periodontal endoscope-assisted subgingival scaling resulted in better effects than traditional subgingival scaling when the residual pockets were in a single-rooted tooth, with a PD of ≥5 mm but without vertical alveolar bone resorption and furcation involvement.
Dental Plaque Index ; Dental Scaling ; Endoscopes ; Humans ; Periodontitis/therapy*

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oral health education interval and toothbrushing instruction, the difference between the demonstration-only method and the demonstration with chairside practice toothbrushing instruction method, and the effect of initial patient plaque control ability on the plaque index. METHODS: Patients (n=60) were randomly assigned to receive a 1-week, 2-week, or 3-week interval of oral health education and toothbrushing instruction. Each group was further subdivided into the demonstration-only group and the demonstration with chairside practice group. Patients were categorized as having "good", "fair", or "poor" initial plaque control ability, based on the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index (TQHI). Patients attended five sessions during which they received oral health education and toothbrushing instruction of the modified Bass technique. Plaque evaluation was performed at each visit using the TQHI. RESULTS: The plaque index tended to improve from the first visit to the fifth visit, but there were no significant differences between the 1-week, 2-week, and 3-week education interval. The demonstration with the chairside practice group showed significantly greater improvements in the plaque index, compared to the demonstration-only group. In the good, fair, and poor plaque control ability groups, the plaque index improved gradually from the first to the fifth visit. When plaque control was poor, the improvement in the plaque index increased to a greater degree after oral health education and toothbrushing instruction. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study may be helpful for suggesting appropriate individualized oral hygiene management methods to improve plaque control ability.
Bass ; Dental Plaque ; Dental Plaque Index ; Education* ; Humans ; Oral Health ; Oral Hygiene ; Toothbrushing

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the impact of a regular professional oral health care program and the accompanying oral health education. METHODS: We included 552 patients who visited the C dental hospital more than 5 times as part of a regular professional oral health care program from January 2009 to March 2014. This program comprised of an O'Leary plaque control record, tooth brushing instructions, professional tooth brushing, professional tooth cleaning, periodontal or operative treatment (optional), and education on auxiliary devices. The O'Leary plaque control record was evaluated at the fifth consecutive visit, from the first visit to the recent visit. RESULTS: The study data revealed that patient plaque control rate significantly increased with a lapse in care provided from the baseline. However, no intergroup differences were observed with respect to age and sex. The plaque controlling ability of a patient who was educated on the Watanabe's brushing method, which was a combination of the Watanabe's brushing method and rolling method, was significantly increased. Use of an interdental brush, attending the 5-time tooth brushing instruction program, and tooth polishing aided to enhance the plaque-control rate. Further, the plaque control rate of a patient with a pontic, fully covered tooth and implant was significantly higher than those without the same. The Watanabe's brushing method, number of fully covered teeth, and number of implants were significant variables that impacted the final plaque control rate, as ascertained using multiple linear regression analysis. Increased plaque control rate was maintained till the recent evaluation from the fifth visit. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of patients to reduce plaque formation was improved after the educational program, which comprised of tooth brushing instructions as part of a regular professional oral health care program.
Dental Plaque ; Dental Plaque Index ; Denture, Partial, Fixed ; Education ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Oral Health* ; Tooth

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chewable toothbrush and manual toothbrush and provide basic data for recommendation of the chewable toothbrush in specific groups and situations. A total of 20 subjects participated in this study (rolling method, 10; non-rolling method, 10). After professional prophylaxis, participants used the manual toothbrush to brush their teeth for 3 minutes. After a 7-day wash-out period, participants used the chewable toothbrush according to the manufacturer's instructions. Pre- and post-plaque indexing of the teeth was performed. The dental plaque index was assessed using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHPI) for amount of plaque and Silness-Löe Plaque Index (SLPI) for plaque thickness. The difference between pre- and post-dental plaque index was analyzed using a paired t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The Mann-Whitney U test was also used to compare the dental plaque index reduction rates. The dental plaque index differed significantly between the chewable toothbrush and the manual toothbrush. The TMQHPI reduction rate was significantly different between the rolling and non-rolling method groups for the manual toothbrush but not the chewable toothbrush. The difference in SLPI reduction rate between the rolling and non-rolling method groups was significant for the manual toothbrush but not for the chewable toothbrush. Differences in the dental plaque index reduction rates between the chewable and manual toothbrushes were not significant in the non-rolling method group. The results of this study showed higher reduction rates in dental plaque with manual toothbrush use than with chewable toothbrush use. However, the non-rolling method group did not show statistically significant differences according to toothbrush type. The present study showed that a chewable toothbrush can be an alternative to a manual toothbrush for individuals who have difficulty using the generally recommended rolling method.
Abstracting and Indexing as Topic ; Dental Plaque Index ; Dental Plaque* ; Methods ; Pilot Projects* ; Tooth

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare home care dental devices for their dental plaque removal ability. METHODS: A single blinded randomized crossover clinical study design was used to measure plaque index (Turesky Modification Quigley-Hein Plaque Index). RESULTS: All 3 groups showed a statistically significant decrease in the plaque index after usage (P<0.001). In manual tooth-brushing group, the teeth on the right dental arch showed a greater decrease in the plaque index than on the left arch (P=0.041). All appliances showed greater plaque reduction in the upper right posterior teeth than in the lower right posterior teeth (P=0.009, 0.004, 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support development of more effective oral hygiene appliances and emphasis on oral hygienic education.
Dental Arch ; Dental Devices, Home Care ; Dental Plaque Index ; Dental Plaque* ; Education ; Health Education ; Oral Hygiene* ; Tooth ; Vibration*

OBJECTIVETo assess the relationship between oral malodor, volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) levels in the mouth air and periodontal index; the role of tongue in the production of VSCs and halitosis.

METHODS60 periodontitis patients with oral malodor were included. Oral malodor was estimated by organoleptic method (organoleptic rating, OR); VSCs level measurements before and after cleaning the tongue coating were made with a portable sulphide monitor (halimeter), respectively; periodontal probing depth (PD) and the proportion of PD >/= 4 mm sites, bleeding index (BI) and plaque index (PLI) were examined; tongue coating was estimated with thickness (Tt) and area (Ta) on the dorsal surface of tongue.

RESULTSThe correlation was analyzed with Spearman method. There was a significantly positive correlation between OR, VSCs levels and BI, PLI, and Tt, respectively (P < 0.01). OR and VSCs levels was also related with Ta (P < 0.05). There was a weakly correlation between VSCs levels and PD, and the proportion of PD >/= 4 mm sites (r = 0.26, P < 0.05). No correlation between OR and PD, and the proportion of PD >/= 4 mm sites was existed. Reduction of VSCs levels after cleaning tongue coating was statistically significant (t = 10.15, P < 0.01), and also significantly related with thickness and area of tongue coating (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSIn present study, OR and VSCs levels were significantly correlated with gingival inflammation (BI), condition of oral hygiene (PLI), and tongue coating. The relationship between OR, VSCs levels and periodontal probing depth was not found obviously. VSCs levels were significantly reduced after cleaning tongue coating, but the percentage of reduction was less than that of the previous studies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mouthrinse products containing deep sea water. We used original deep sea water (DSW) and processed deep sea water desalinated by reverse osmosis at one time (DDW-1), by reverse osmosis at two times (DDW-2) and concentrated by reverse osmosis (CDW). We made 2 kinds of mouthrinse products containing CDW and other agents for smell and taste and one product without deep sea water. The negative control was distilled water. In vivo study, the dental plaque index scores and the gingival index scores were reduced after 4 weeks mouthrinsing three times daily with 4 kinds of deep sea water and 3 kinds of mouthrinse products(p<0.05). The pH of dental plaque in 1 minute after mouthrinsing was not higher than 5.5 in all solutions, but the pH in 20 minutes after mouthrinsing was higher than 5.7 in DSW, CDW and 3 kinds of products which had higher mineral contents. In vitro study, the mouthrinse solutions containing the higher mineral contents were also the more effective in reduction of methyl mercaptan which is one of the causes of halitosis. The 2 kinds of products containing deep sea water killed Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in culture plates in one minute. These results indicate the usability of deep sea water in mouthrinses for oral hygiene management.
Dental Plaque ; Dental Plaque Index ; Halitosis ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oral Hygiene ; Osmosis ; Periodontal Index ; Seawater* ; Smell ; Streptococcus mutans ; Water