Multilocus sequence typing MLST with high solution sensitivity and specificity is widely used to study the population genetic structure of pathogen by amplification and sequencing of the housekeeping genes. MLST also provides more evidence and plays an important role in parasite research. This paper reviews the principle and method of MLST and its applica-tion on population genetic structure analysis of parasites.

Objective To research the effect of Shengmai capsules on cadiocyte apoptosis with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) in rats. Methods Seventy five SD female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:sham-operation group (A), CHF model group (B), CHF model treated by Shengmai capsules group (C), CHF model treated by Captopril group (D), CHF model treated by Shengmai capsule and Captopril group (E). Suprarenal abdominal artery constriction was operated to prepare CHF rat models. After 7 weeks treating respectively, the apoptosis rate of cadiocyte and the content of myocardia Bcl-2 in rats were detected. Results Apoptotic cells ratio of myocardia was higher in group B than in group A (P

Estimation the postmortem interval(PMI)is an important subject in forensic medicine practice.Recent research has found that the DNA molecular would degrade immediately following death,and the quantity of DNA in nuclear would be decreasing along with the elapse of the time since death.Seven parameter of cell nuclear,including the area and integral optical density,were chosen and the changes of DNA content in the brain cells of 15 rats were determined at every one hour during 48 horus after death by the auto TV imange analyses system.The results showed that the degradation rate of DNA in nuclear has a certainty relationship with early PMI in rats and indicated that the determination of the quantity of DNA in nuclear is the major method to estimate the PMI.

Objective:To investigate the exression of miR-34a on lung cancer and normal lung tissues,and the effect and mechanism of miR-34a in lung cancer cell invasion and migration.Methods: qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-34a on lung cancer.miR-34a-mimic and miR-34a-inhibitor were used to overexpress and knockdown miR-34a.qPCR was used to detect the effectiveness.Western blot was used to detect the expression of Snail after induced with miR-34a-mimic and miR-34a-inhibitor.Luciferase reporter gene was used to detect interaction between miR-34a and Snail.Transwell invasion assay was used to detect invasion ability after induced with miR-34a-mimic and miR-34a-inhibitor.Scratch assay was used to detect migration ability after induced with miR-34a-mimic and miR-34a-inhibitor.The expression of E-cadherin,Vimentin and Twist were detected by Western blot.Results: miR-34a expression was significantly reduced in lung cancer.With the stage of lung cancer progression,the expression of miR-34a reduced.With the differentiation of lung cancer progression,the expression of miR-34a decreased.Decreasing of miR-34a was associated with lung cancer lymph node metastasis.miR-34a-mimic and miR-34a-inhibitor could overexpress and knockdown miR-34a.miR-34a could regulate expression of Snail.Snail was the direct target of miR-34a;miR-34a could regulate the invasion ability of human lung carcinoma H1650 cells;miR-34a could regulate the migration of human lung carcinoma H1650 cells;miR-34a could regulate the expression of E-cadherin,Vimentin and Twist.Conclusion: miR-34a plays the role of tumor suppressor factor in lung cancer.miR-34a can regulate the invasion and migration ability of lung carcinoma H1650 cells by Snail induced EMT.

Objective:To investigate the inhibitory effect of perillyl alcohol (PA) on the proliferation and invasion of tung cancer cell A549,and the influence of PA on tumor angiogenesis was studied.Methods:Different concentrations of PA and erlotinib were added into lung cancer cell A549,the inhibiting effect of drug group on lung cancer cell A549 was found by MTT assay.The inhibiting effect of PA on lung cancer cell A549 invasion was measured by Transwell assay.ROS changes of PA on lung cancer cell A549 was detected by fluorescent.Influence of PA on Caspase-3 activity of lung cancer cell A549 was measured by spectrophotometry,VEGF,HIF-1 α,COX-2 expression in lung cancer cell A549 was measured by Western blot,and the NF-κB activity of lung cancer cell A549 was measured by EMSA.Results:Compared with blank control group,cell growth inhibition rate of PA and erlotinib on lung cancer cell A549 was increasing with the increased concentrations (10,50,100 μ,g/ml),the difference was statistically significant (P＜ 0.05),the invasion ability of lung cancer cell A549 was decreased continuously,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The ROS level of lung cancer cell A549 had no obvious change with the increasing density of erlotinib,but obviously increased with the increasing concentrations of PA (10,50,100 μg/ml).With the increasing concentrations of PA,the expression of COX-2,VEGF and HIF-1α were continuously decreased.EMSA assay showed that NF-κB was continuously decreased with the increasing concentrations of PA.Conclusion:The antitumor mechanism of PA on lung cancer cell A549 might be related to increase the expression level of ROS and reduce the expression of activity of NF-κB,COX-2,VEGF and HIF-1α with angiogenesis signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the prognostic factors of low-and undifferentiated gastric cancer with negative metastasis of lymph nodes.Methods The clinicopathological data of 270 patients with low-and undifferentiated gastric cancer and negative metastasis of lymph nodes who were admitted to the Tianjin Cancer Hospital from January 2002 to December 2007 were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients received radical gastrectomy.One hundred and sixty-one patients had the number of lymph nodes dissected under 15,53 patients had 15-20 lymph nodes dissected,33 had 21-30 lymph nodes dissected and 23 patients with the number of lymph nodes dissected more than 30.Patients were followed up via out-patient examination,phone call and mail till October 2013.The prognosis analysis was done by COX step-wise regression.The survival curve was drawn by KaplanMeier method,and the survival was analyzed using the Log-rank test.Results All the patients were followed up for a median time of 63 months (range,2-103 months).The median survival time was 63 months (range,2-103 months),and the 1-,3-,5-year overall survival rates were 93.0％,69.5％ and 58.5％,respectively.The median survival time of the 161 patients with the number of lymph nodes dissected under 15 was 58 months (range,2-103 months),and the 1-,3-,5-year survival rates were 91.4％,59.3％ and 48.8％,respectively.The median survival time of the 53 patients with the number of lymph nodes dissected between 15 and 20 was 68 months (range,4-95 months),and the 1-,3-,5-year survival rates were 94.3％,84.9％ and 71.7％,respectively.The median survival time of the 33 patients with the number of lymph nodes dissected between 21 and 30 was 68 months (range,34-94 months),and the 1-,3-,5-year survival rates were 100.0％,97.0％ and 87.9％,respectively.The median survival time of the 23 patients with the number of lymph nodes dissected more than 30 was 60 months (range,2-84 months),and the 1-,3-,5-year survival rates were 87.5％,62.5％ and 54.2％,respectively.There was significant difference in the prognosis between the 4 groups (x2 =25.077,P ＜ 0.05).There was significant difference in the prognosis between patients who had 21-30 lymph nodes resected and those had 15-20 lymph nodes resected (x2=3.924,P ＜0.05).Significant difference was also observed in the prognosis between patients who had 15-20 lymph nodes resected and those had more than 30 lymph nodes resected (x2=4.454,P ＜ 0.05),while no significant difference was observed in the prognosis between patients who had lymph nodes resected more than 30 and those had lymph nodes resected less than 15 (x2=0.450,P ＞0.05).The results of univariate analysis showed that gender,age,location and diameter of the tumor,serosal invasion,Borrmann classification,range of gastric resection and the number of lymph nodes dissected were factors influencing the prognosis of patients with low-and undifferentiated gastric cancer and with negative metastasis of lymph nodes (x2 =4.143,12.607,23.665,11.549,26.350,8.059,5.222,25.077,P ＜0.05).The results of multivariate analysis showed that the tumor diameter longer than 5 cm and serosal invasion were the independent factors influencing the prognosis of patients with low-and undifferentiated gastric cancer and with negative metastasis of lymph nodes (HR =1.842,3.084,95％ confidence interval:1.286-2.638,1.956-4.861,P ＜ 0.05).Lymph nodes dissected for 21-30 was the protective factor of prognosis (HR =1.533,95％ confidence interval:1.229-2.248,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Lymph nodes dissected for 21-30 during radical gastrectomy may improve the long-term survival of patients.The tumor diameter longer than 5 cm,serosal invasion and the number of lymph nodes dissected (less than 15,15-20 and more than 30) were the independent factors influencing the prognosis of patients with low-and undifferentiated gastric cancer and with negative metastasis of lymph nodes.

Objective To investigate the effects of sustained inflation (SI) combined with small tidal volume ventilation on lung recruitment and hemodynamics in patients with acute lung injury (ALI). Methods Patients with severe trauma followed by ALI were selected for this study. Patients underwent small tidal volume ventilation (baseline) for 1 h and then SI with 20 cm H 2O?30 s(SI 1), 30 cm H 2O?30 s(SI 2), 40 cm H 2O?30 s(SI 3) and 50 cm H 2O?30 s(SI 4) for 1 h, respectively. Parameters of pulmonary mechanics and hemodynamics were measured at 1 h after baseline, SI and returning baseline, respectively. Results Compared with those of the baseline, no changes of parameters were found after SI 1 and SI 2, but EELV and Cst increased significantly after SI 3 and SI 4. Paw, PAP and PVRI decreased significantly after SI 3 and SI 4. After SI interruption, all the physiological variables returned to baseline. SI had no significant effect on HR, AP and CI. Conclusion Treatment with SI combined with small tidal volume ventilation in patients with ALI can provide lung recruitment and improve lung compliance, but it has no significant side effect on hemodynamics.

This article analyzes and summaries the problems and difficulties existing in the first-aid medicine's clinical teaching.Combined with his own teaching experience,the author has made some exploration on the teaching time,the way of teaching and inspection form,which has got a good teaching effect.It provids the reference and development for the clinical teaching of first-aid medicine.

【Objective】To investigate the influence of acupuncture on the power of brain electrical activity mapping(BEAM) and hippocampal amino acid neurotransmitters in acute epilepsy rats.【Methods】Forty SD rats were randomized into groups A(normal),B(model),C(treated with acupuncture) and D(treated with sodium valproate).Group C was pretreated with acupuncture on acupoints of Dazhui and Fenglong and with needling through Ganshu toward Danshu.Group D was pretreated with sodium valproate by gastric gavage.The treatment in groups C and D lasted 3 days.Except group A,the mice in other 3 groups received intraperitoneal injection of sodium penicillin to induce acute epilepsy.Within seventy to eighty-five minutes after modeling,different frequency-band power of BEAM in rat brain middle Pz region was detected,and rats hippocampal contents of excitatory amino acids such as glutamic acid(Glu) and aspartic acid(ASP) as well as inhibitory amino acids such as gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA),glycine(Gly),alanine(Ala) and taurine(Tau) were examined.【Results】Power of frequency band ?,?,?_1,?_2,?_1 and ?_2 in group B increased(P

Objective To compare the immunoregulatory effects of Radix Millettia Speciosa (RM Speciosa) and Radix Millettia Championi (RM Championi)on immunosuppressed mice.Methods Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal control group,CTX model group,LMS positive group,RM Speciosa groups and RM Championi groups (20,10 and 5 g/kg).The mice were treated respectively with drug or NS once a day for consecutive 20 days.Mice in the other groups were injected intraperitoneally with CTX at days 8,10 and 12 to establish immunosuppressed mice model except the normal group.The changes of body weight,immune organ weight,white blood cell (WBC)number,carbon particle clearance capability of macrophages and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)of mice in all groups were determined and compared.Results Compared with that in CTX group,the WBC number was significantly increased (P<0.01 or P<0.05)and the degree of DTH (P<0.01) was enhanced at different doses in RM Speciosa groups and RM Championi groups.The activity of macrophages and the index of thymus and spleen were also improved in the treatment groups (P<0 .0 5 or P<0 .0 1 ).The index of thymus and the degree of DTH in RM Speciosa groups (20 and 10 g/kg)were slightly higher than those in the corresponding RM Championi groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05).For other indicators,RM Speciosa groups did not significantly differ from RM Championi groups (P>0.05).Conclusion Both RM Speciosa and RM Championi can improve the immune function of CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice,and RM Speciosa is slightly superior to RM Championi in improving specific cellular immunity.