Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases but also occurring in many temperate regions. After more than 10 years' absence, vivax malaria reemerged in Korea in 1993. The annual occurrence has been increased rapidly, reaching 4,142 cases in 2000. It started to decrease and fell to 826 cases in 2004. Recently, however, the incidence tends to increase. Anopheles sinensis is the major vector of malaria in Korea, and its vectorial capacity is low. This endemic occurred in the northern part of South Korea near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The patients suffered from the typical illness of vivax malaria. It is noteworthy that thrombocytopenia occurred in more than 70% of the patients. It is believed that the malaria is properly diagnosed and treated over the nation along the accumulation of experience. To control the disease, more elaborated programs should be conducted in collaboration with North Korea.
Anopheles ; Cooperative Behavior ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea* ; Malaria* ; Malaria, Vivax ; Thrombocytopenia

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to develop a North Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (NK-CIDI) and to evaluate the reliability and validity of NK-CIDI. METHODS: Subjects were 100 North Korean defectors, aged 18 to 65, who were recruited in a center for defectors in the National Medical Center or who were on an education curriculum in the defector settlement support center. NK-CIDI was developed based on the Korean version of CIDI considering the sociocultural background of North Korea. Inter-rater reliability, test/retest reliability, and validity of NK-CIDI were evaluated and kappa value was calculated. RESULTS: Different vocabularies and awkward expressions were adjusted, and additional explanations were supplemented for difficult phases. The target for development of NK-CIDI was early defectors who entered South Korea less than 3 months ago. Inter-rater reliability (n=30, kappa value 0.35-1.00), test/retest reliability (n=30, kappa value 0-0.86), and diagnostic validity (n=100, kappa value -0.02-0.42) were evaluated. CONCLUSION: Compared to the general population, defectors experience more psychiatric issues, and a standardized tool for diagnosis is needed. In this study, NK-CIDI was developed and the results suggest that reliability is acceptable but validity needs further verification. NK-CIDI could be utilized in future epidemiologic studies.
Curriculum ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Epidemiology ; Korea ; Mental Disorders ; Reproducibility of Results ; Vocabulary

PURPOSE: This study examined anxiety and depression among 108 North Korean adolescent and young adult (age, 12-29 years) defectors who settled in South Korea, and evaluated the relationship between their mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects completed a questionnaire that included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Short Form with 36 questions (SF-36; consists of mental and physical health components) for measuring HRQoL, and items related to the period of time since defection and settlement and socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: Among the participants, 53.7% scored> or =8 on the anxiety measure questionnaire, and 22.2% scored> or =11; 36.1% of the participants scored> or =8 on the depression measure questionnaire and 14.8% scored> or =11. Both anxiety and depression subscales were associated with lower scores of total SF-36, physical component and mental component score. Depressive symptom appeared more frequently among the subjects who had lived in South Korea for <1 year than among the subjects who had lived in South Korea for 2 year or longer (odds ratio=3.77, 95% confidence intervals=1.12 to 12.70). CONCLUSION: Among North Korean adolescent and young adult defectors, anxiety and depression were associated with lower HRQoL. Therefore, it is needed to develop strategies to screen for mental health and intervene to reduce anxiety and depression during their early resettlement stage.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anxiety/*epidemiology ; Child ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Depression/*epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Quality of Life ; Republic of Korea ; Sex Factors ; *Social Adjustment ; Time Factors

PURPOSE: This study aimed at analyzing the causes of death of prisoners of war (POWs) during the Korean War (1950-1953) who fought for the Communist side (North Korea and the People's Republic of China). In 1998, the United States Department of Defense released new information about the prisoners including, 7,614 deaths of the POW during the Korean War. The data on the causes of death of the POWs during the Korean War provides valuable information on the both the public health and history of the conflict. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To analyze the causes of death of the POWs, we classified the clinical diagnosis and findings on 7,614 deaths into 22 chapters, as outlined in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10th Revision (ICD-10). Second, we traced changes in the monthly death totals of POWs as well as deaths caused by common infectious diseases and external causes of death including injury over time from August 1950 to September 1953. RESULTS: The most common category of causes of deaths of POWs was infectious disease, 5,013 (65.8%) out of 7,614 deaths, followed by external causes including injury, 817 (10.7%). Overall, tuberculosis and dysentery/diarrhea were the most common causes of death. Deaths caused by acute and chronic infection, or external causes showed different patterns of increases and decline over time during the Korean War. CONCLUSION: The information and data on POWs' deaths during the Korean War reflects the critical impact of the POWs' living conditions and the effect of public health measures implemented in POW camps during the war.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Cause of Death ; Child ; China/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Korean War ; Middle Aged ; Prisoners of War/*history

OBJECTIVES: The most frequently cited health related slogan in North Korea is that socialistic medicine is preventive medicine. It implies that North Korea puts preventive medicine at the operational center of its national health care system. This study aimed at examining and comparing preventive medicine practices in North Korea with those of South Korea. METHODS: Efforts have been made to obtain a textbook for analysis its contents. Many people have iassisted in the study by joining the interview. Some of these people are as follows: a former professor of PyongYang Medical School, NK physicians living in South Korea, WHO staffs, diplomatic officials, etc. The major items of analysis consisted of industrial medicine and hygiene, nutrition, school health, epidemiology, health statistics and heath policy & management. RESULTS: Public health philosophy is finely rooted and well integrated in the operation of the North Korean national health care system, particularly in the area of industrial medicine and hygiene. Preventive medicine with a strong health surveillance system spanning a number of broad social organizations is a major tool to improve the health of the people in North Korea. The emphasis on preventive medicine has a close relationship with the 'Juche Philosophy' and the shortage of pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. To cope with the shortage problem, North Korean health workers are encouraged to grow medicinal herbs. We have found that they put little effort into teaching newly emerging diseases, such as AIDS, VDT syndrome, hazards of EMF, and agricultural chemical poisonings. Of the subjects of the preventive medicine text, 78.9% coincide with those of South Korean industrial health manuals and 34.2% with South Korean epidemiology texts. However, an absolute difference was found to exist between the heath policies and management systems. CONCLUSION: In North Korea, the concept of preventive medicine functions as the basic philosophic strategy of the national health care system. It differs greatly from the South Korean system in both practice and educational content. Its contribution to society is simply incomparable to that of South Korea. More communication and further study is called for in order to improve the preventive medicine practices in the future.
Delivery of Health Care ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea* ; Epidemiology ; Hygiene ; Korea ; Occupational Health ; Occupational Medicine ; Philosophy ; Plants, Medicinal ; Poisoning ; Preventive Medicine* ; Public Health ; School Health Services ; Schools, Medical

This study aimed to examine influenza vaccination coverage of North Korean defectors (NKD) in the Republic of Korea (Korea) and explore the factors affected the vaccination coverage. Total 378 NKD were analyzed. Four Korean control subjects were randomly matched by age and gender from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (n = 1,500). The adjusted vaccination coverage revealed no statistical difference between the defectors group and indigenous group (29.1% vs. 29.5%, P = 0.915). In the aged under 50 group, the vaccination coverage of NKD was higher than that of Korean natives (37.8% vs. 25.8%, P = 0.016). However in the aged 50 yr and over group, the vaccination coverage of North Korean defectors was lower than that of the natives (28.0% vs. 37.6%, P = 0.189). Even the gap was wider in the aged 65 yr and over group (36.4% vs. 77.8%, P = 0.007). Gender and medical check-up experience within 2 yr showed association with the vaccination coverage of NKD. Influenza vaccination coverage of aged defectors' group (aged 50 yr and over) was lower than indigenous people though overall vaccination coverage was similar. Further efforts to increase influenza vaccination coverage of this group are needed.
Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines/*therapeutic use ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Refugees/*statistics & numerical data ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Sex Distribution ; Vaccination/*utilization ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: This study investigated prediction of North Korean refugees' adaptation to the South Korean society and verified the goodness of fit between a hypothetical model and actual data in order to suggest the best model. METHODS: This survey was conducted with 445 North Korean refugees living in a metropolitan area. Data were collected from September 1st to November 20th, 2012, and analyzed using SPSS Windows 18.0 and AMOS 17.0. RESULTS: Traumatic experiences of North Korean refugees increased self-efficacy and psychological trauma. Acculturation stress decreased self-efficacy and increased passive coping. Self-efficacy affected active and passive coping, decreased psychological trauma, and increased resilience. Resilience is successful adaptation and refers to North Korean refugees' abilities to adapt effectively to stress. In particular, self-efficacy as the main parameter affecting resilience was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that resilience can be improved through self-efficacy. It was the most significant factor decreasing psychological trauma and increasing resilience. Therefore, we need to develop programs for self-efficacy. The results also provide basic data for policy making for North Korean refugees.
Acculturation ; Adaptation, Psychological/*physiology ; Adult ; Aged ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea/ethnology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Theoretical ; Personal Satisfaction ; Psychological Trauma/*ethnology ; Refugees/*psychology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Resilience, Psychological ; Self Efficacy ; Young Adult

This article evaluates the overall current disease burden of North Korea through the recent databases of international organizations. It is notable that North Korea as a nation is exhibiting a relatively low burden from deaths and that there is greater burden from deaths caused by non-communicable diseases than from those caused by communicable diseases and malnutrition. However, the absolute magnitude of problems from communicable diseases like TB and from child malnutrition, which will increase the disease burden in the future, remains great. North Korea, which needs to handle both communicable and nutritional conditions, and non-communicable diseases, whose burden is ever more increasing in the nation, can now be understood as a country with the 'double-burden' of disease.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/*mortality ; Databases, Factual ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Nutritional Status ; Tuberculosis/epidemiology/mortality ; Young Adult

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease affecting both domestic pig and wild boar populations. Once introduced, it is a terrible disease that can devastate the swine industry in many countries. ASF has spread most recently beyond China to Southeast Asia, and parts of the Korean Peninsula. The majority of Asian countries consume pork as the primary source of meat compared to all other meat products. Particular emphasis is on the spread of ASF within North Korea and on future perspectives including protective guidelines. Thus far, the Korean peninsula has endured an extensive history of diseases, most notably from foot and mouth disease. For this reason, the Korean swine industries are familiar with the detrimental impacts of such a disease. On the other hand, exposure to a disease like ASF will decimate the swine industry even further. Therefore, it is crucial to bring urgent awareness to the spread of ASF.
African Swine Fever ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Epidemiology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; Hand ; Humans ; Meat ; Meat Products ; Red Meat ; Sus scrofa ; Swine ; Virus Diseases

Since the national malaria eradication service (NMES) was implemented in 1959, extensive malariometric survey were conducted throughout the country. A total of 73,859 malaria cases of Plasmodium vivax were confirmed out of 268,259 blood smears through passive and active case detection (PCD and ACD) in 1960~1969 including chloroquine/ pyrimethamine combined tablets for the presumptive treatment of all of fever cases. The majority of the positive cases occurred in Gyeongsang buk-do, revealing 62,859 cases as of 85.2%, followed by Gyeonggi-do 5,844 cases (7.9%), Chungcheong buk-do 3,458 cases (4.7%), Gangwon-do 812 cases (1.1%), and 29 cases developed in Jeju-do. ACD was more sensitive and advantageous for detecting the malaria cases over PCD in the pilot study area. The high endemic area was located in the north Gyeongsang buk-do and north east Gyeonggi-do. The malaria incidence was high in the age group under 14 years in malaria foci, and that was low in non-malarious area. High parous rate (77.7%) and survival rate (91.4%) of the vector mosquitoes were shown in malaria foci, which were hilly or mountainous area. On the other hand, low parous rate (50.6%) and survival rate (42.7%) were found in non-malarious area, the rice field of south western part of the country even in abundance of vector mosquitoes. NMES had contributed the control of the malaria by carring out the residual DDT focal spray, mass drug administration, radical treatment of the positive cases, and mass blood survey in the heavy malarious area. Since then malaria disappeared rapidly, and no indigenous case was reported after 1984. In order to ascertain whether this country was malaria-free or not, mass blood survey was carried out for the juveniles, adolescents and adults in Yeongju-gun Gyeongsangbuk-do in 1986 where the highest incidence of malaria was recorded during the 1960s. The result showed no positive case at all. However vivax malaria reemerged, and made a dramatic resurgence since 1993 in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) bordering North Korea, and expanded toward eastern and southern part of the country year after year, totaling 14,089 cases including U.S. army by the end of 2000 in spite of the strong activities of antimalaria in the Republic of Korea. So vector control including the encouragement of the livestock farming in the malaria endemic area must be more sensitive and effective measure to reduce the risk of malaria transmission by the eliminating the dangerous age of mosquitoes in the points of characteristics of the Korean strain of parasites such as the mild symptoms, long-term incubation period and asymptomatic parasitaemia. Focal application of thermal fogging and mist spray of insecticides would be certainly effective in preventing the vector mosquitoes from infecting the gametocytes of malaria for the first peak of multi malaria cases in the early season of the year. All of the civilians who are in the high risk area for malaria should be forced to sleep under the permethrin impregnated mosquito nets. All of the soldiers near the DMZ are strongly recommended to take the combined tablets of chloroquine/ pyrimethamine instead of the single base of chloroquine at present to prevent the action of source of infection of the reservoirs and the completion of the sporogonic stages of the vector mosquitoes because the vector control activities are not allowed in the DMZ. The experts of entomologists and malariologist of the South and North Korea should discuss the antimalaria programme to eradicate the malaria from the Korean peninsular near future.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Chloroquine ; Culicidae ; DDT ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Epidemiology ; Fever ; Gangwon-do ; Gyeonggi-do ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hand ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insecticides ; Jeju-do ; Korea* ; Livestock ; Malaria* ; Malaria, Vivax ; Military Personnel ; Mosquito Nets ; Parasites ; Permethrin ; Pilot Projects ; Plasmodium vivax ; Pyrimethamine ; Republic of Korea ; Seasons ; Survival Rate ; Tablets ; Weather