OBJECTIVE To determine the most effective viral vector in infecting the spiral ganglion cells and cochlear nerve fibers among three viral vectors that was inoculated via round window membrane. METHODS Three types vectors carrying GFP gene including Lentivirus, Adenovirus-5 and Adenoassociated virus-2 were infused into the perilymphatic space through the round window membrane with micro injector in rat respectively. The distribution and intensity of green fluorescence were estimated by fluorescent microscope at 3days, 7days and 14days after gene transfer. RESULTS Multiple types of cochlear cells were infected by three different viral vectors. In contrast to the other vectors, the adenovirus-5 vector effectively transfected spiral ganglion cells and cochlea nerve fibers with high expression level for 2 weeks. CONCLUSION Distribution of GFP gene expression mediated by three kinds of viral vector was different obviously in rat cochlea, only adenovirus-5 successfully targets cochlear spiral ganglion cells. These findings are of value in gene therapy for cochlear spiral ganglion cell degeneration.

Objective:To summarize the experience of surgical treatment of valvular heart disease with enlarged or small left ventricles. Methods:Valvular operations were performed in 473 patients,including 38 with enlarged left ventricles(group Ⅰ)and 40 with small left ventricles(group Ⅱ),from April 1998 to June 2005.Postoperative complications between two groups were com- pared and analyzed statistically. Results:The postoperative eomplications were ventricular arrhythmia,low output syndrome,lung infection,renal failure and brain embolism.Low output syndrome tended to occur in group Ⅱ(20%),whereas there was a higher incidence of ventricular ar- rhythmia in group Ⅰ(65.79%).The difference between groups was significant(P＜0.05). Conclusion:To improve the successful operative rate in patients with enlarged or small left ventricles,we should take effec- tive measures to manage the post-procedural complications,such as ventricular arrhythmia(mainly in group Ⅰ)and low output syndrome(mainly in group Ⅱ).

Biomedical Research ; China ; Foundations ; Otolaryngology

While histamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, H1-antihistamines, which have been using in the treatment of allergic diseases for more than 70 years, are considered as the cornerstone of the medication of allergic diseases. In this review, we discuss the history of histamine studies and anti-histamine discovery, the histamine receptors, as well as the mechanisms and the safety of H1-antihistamines.
Anti-Allergic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Histamine H1 Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; drug therapy

Objective To explore some characters of auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) to multiple simultaneous stimuli in a sample of normal-hearing adults.Methods The ASSR to multiple simultaneous stimuli were recorded in a sample of 32 normal-hearing adults (64 ears). Simultaneous carrier tones (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz), modulated in amplitude at different rate of 77, 85,93, 101 Hz for left ear and 79, 87, 95, 103 Hz for right ear, were presented binaurally by the insert phones. For each subject the response thresholds (RTHs) at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz were determined automatically and compared with the corresponding behavioral thresholds (BTHs).Results ①In the normal-hearing adults, RTHs were on average between 7～19 dB above the BTHs.②2-way repeated measures ANOVA (ear?carrier frequencies) showed significant main effect between carrier frequencies on RTH ( F =31.254; ? 3,179; P =0.000). Post Hoc analysis indicated that this effect was due to the highest threshold found at 0.5 kHz. The test showed no significant difference of threshold between left ear and right ear ( F =1.942; ? 1,179; P =0.165). ③Taking 60 dB SPL as analysis level, 2-way repeated measures ANOVA (gender?carrier frequencies) revealed significant difference of amplitude between male and female( F =16.490; ? 1,175; P =0.000); and difference of amplitude between carrier frequencies ( F =2.948; ?3, 175; P =0.034).④The average testing time was 61 minutes for male and 69 minutes for female. Independent t-test showed statistical significance within sex.⑤Two- way ANOVA (state?frequency)showed that background EEG noise were significantly higher in awake than that in sleep ( F =152.511; P =0.000). There were no appreciable significance in background noise among frequencies. Conclusion The ASSR to multiple simultaneous stimuli was proven to be a frequency specific, objective and valid technique for threshold estimation at least for normal-hearing adults. Issues concern ing clinical use were discussed.

Objective To explore the influence of diabetes on the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning(IPC) on ischemic-reperfused(IR) myocardium of rat.Methods Sixty male SD rats(30 with diabetes and 30 without diabetes) were divided into six groups(10 each): non-diabetic rats control group(group A),non-diabetic rats IR group(group B),non-diabetic rats IPC group(group C),diabetic rats control group(group D),diabetic rats IR group(group E) and diabetic rats IPC group(group F).The isolated heart perfusion Langendorff models were established after rats were sacrificed.Isolated hearts of the two control groups were undergone a 90min perfusion without any other intervention;those of the two IR groups were undergone a 30min equilibration period,a 30min ischemia and a 30min reperfusion;those of the two IPC groups were undergone a 10min equilibration,then elicited by two cycles of 5min ischemia interspersed with 5min reperfusion prior to 30min ischemia and a 30min reperfusion.The recovery rates of the left ventricular function,such as cardiac output(CO) and left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP),and the maximum upstroke and decay velocities of left ventricular pressure(?dp/dtmax) were recorded.The activity of creatine kinase(CK) in coronary outflow,contents of malonyldialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in myocardium were detected,and myocardial water ratio were assessed.Results In non-diabetic rats IPC group,the activity of CK,content of MDA and water ratio of myocardium declined significantly,while the content of SOD increased and the recovery rates of CO,LVDP and ?dp/dtmax rose significantly compared with that in non-diabetic rats IR group(P0.05).Conclusion Diabetes may inhibit the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning on ischemic reperfused rat heart.

Objective To inevestigate the changes of the responses by changing the parameters in the neural response tetemety(NRT).Methods In this project,twenty patients who were implanted in Nucleus C124M were measured the electrically evoked compound action potential(ECAP)using the NRT system.It was expected to observe the changes of the responses by changing the parameters in the NRT 2.04 software.Results It was found that the parameters that made great influences to the responses were current level,stimulate pulse width,gain,delay and masker advance.Conclusion The parameters that made great influences to the record time were stimulate rate and number of sweeps.

Objective To investigate the levels of serum high sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) in different stages of diabetic nephropathy and the relationship between hs-CRP and relative metabolic indexes.Methods According to their urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER),164 patients with type2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups: 51 patients with normal UAER,59 patients with microalbuminuria and 54 patients with clinical proteinuria.The concentration of hs-CRP,relative clinical biochemical profiles and the body height,weigh,systolic & diastolic blood pressure were measured and analyzed.Correlation analysis was also done between hs-CRP and other relative indexes.Result The levels of hs-CRP were increased with increment of UAER.Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise linear regression indicated that hs-CRP was positive correlated with duration,triglyceride(TG),BMI,MAP,HOMA-IR,fibrinogen(FIB),UAER,serum creatinine(Cr),HbA1C,but negative correlated with high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C) and HOMA-B.The levels of hs-CRP in female were higher than those in male.Conclusion High level of serum hs-CRP concentration maybe a risk factor for the onset of type2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To investigate the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) lisinopril on experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in the earlier stage and its mechanism. Methods Diabetes was induced by streptozotosin (STZ) in rats. After 8 weeks of treatment, the effects of lisinopril on function and structure of peripheral nerves were observed; superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, Na+K+-ATPase activity in sciatic nerve and NO, NO synthase levels in plasma were determined, and capillary density of sciatic nerve were also assessed. Results With lisinopril, nerve structure and function was improved, oxidative stress state was ameliorated, and NO level, Na+K+-ATPase activity and capillary density of endoneurium were increased (all P<0.05). Conclusion ACEIs are effective in DPN. The possible mechanisms may be related to the amelioration of ischemic state and related metabolic disorders of the nerves.

Objective The aim of this study is to undemtand the development of peripheral nerve injury on diabetes mellitus.Methods Diabetes was induced by STZ.We determined nerve conduction velocity,thermal pain threshold,morphoh)gy changes of sciatic nerve and quantitative analysis of sural nerve of diabetic model group and normal control group after 2 weeks,4 weeks,6 weeks,8 weeks,12 weeks respectively,and observed dynamically functional and morphologic changes of peripheral nerve of diabetic rats.Results After 2 weeks,diabetic rats showed that motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities slowed down and thermal pain threshold decreased.After 4 weeks.changes of pathology of sciatic nerve were observed.With the duration extending,the damages of nerve were aggravated gradually.Conclusions Neumpathy appeared in earlier stage on experimental diabetic rats and functional changes were preceded to morphologic changes.