Objective To investigate the value of intravenous arginine stimulation test (AST) in evaluating function of pancreatic islet beta cell response in patients of diabetes mellitus. Methods Twentyone patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1, DM1 group) and 113 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2, DM2 group) were recruited in this study. DM2 patients were divided into two sub-groups, DM2a group (duration of no more than 1 year, 58 patients) and DM2b group (more than 1 year, 55 patients). The serum levels of C-peptide (CP) were determined at fasting and 2,3,4,5 minutes after intravenous injection of 5 g arginine. Results In DM1 group, the level of CP after injection of arginine was. similar to the fasting level (P> 0.05 ). In DM2 group, the peak level of CP appeared at 3th minute (CP3) during AST, and was significantly higher than fasting CP level(P < 0.01 ). The level of fasting and arginine-stimulated CP in DM2a group was significantly higher than that in DM2b group, and the level of fasting and arginine-stimulated CP in DM2b group was significantly higher than that in DM1 group. The patients of DM1 group whose level of CP3 < 600 pmol/L all needed insulin injection to control hyperglycemia, and the coincident rate was 100.0%.In DM2 group, there were 91 patients whose CP3 ≥600 pmol/L, among which 85 patients could be well controlled with diet or oral hypoglycemic agents, and the coincidentrate was 93.4%; there were 22 patients whose CP3 < 600 pmol/L, among which 19 patients need insulin injection to control hyperglycemia, and the coincident rate was 86.4%. Conclusions AST is valuable in assessing the function of pancreatic islet beta cell in patients with diabetes mellitus. The level of CP3 ≥600 pmol/L can be considered as a reference in diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus.

For the purpose of expanding the analysis scope of medicines,a RPHPLC assay procedure has been established for quantitative analysis of indomethacin in human plasma.Analytical column was YWG C18(?4 6 mm?200mm).Mobile phase was methanol water acetic acid solution(67∶33∶0 1)(v/v) and wavelength of detector was 254nm.The linear relationship,precision,method of extraction and recovery were comparatively investigated by standard blank human plasma spiked with indomethacin.Indomethacin leved in the blood of the healthy volunteers was detected by using this method.The linear range of the method was 0 1～5 0?g?ml -1 .The calibration curve was linear (?=0 9995). The detection limit was 0 02?g?ml -1 (S/N≥3) and the recovery of indomethacin in human blood was between 97 5%～104 2%. Intra and inter day prccision of the mothod were(1 1?0 2)%(n=4) and(2 7?0 6)%(n=4)respectively.The CV% were no more than 3 0% (n=4).The method shows a high sensitivity,precision,fast and excellent selectivity.Thus it is suitable for investigation of the indomethacin in human blood and its toxicological analysis as well as the pharmacokinetic study.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DDP-4)inhibitor in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.Methods Eighty-six cases patients with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shunde First People's Hospital of Foshan from May 2015 to May 2016 were selected as the research objects and divided into two groups according to random number table method,each group with 43 cases.The control group with acarbose(50 mg/times,3 times/d,with the same as the 3 meals,sustained medication for 12 weeks)to control blood sugar,while the observation group used DPP-4 inhibitors sitagliptin(100 mg/times,1 times/d,sustained medication for 12 weeks),compared the blood glucose,blood lipid indexes and adverse reactions of two groups before and after treatment.Results After treatment,FPG,2 hPG,HbAlc level of observation group were respectively(6.71±0.65)mmol/L,(8.10±0.17)mmol/L,(7.12±0.41)％,significantly lower than control group((7.86±0.72)mmol/L,(9.20±0.65)mmol/L,(7.51±0.52)％,the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.01).After treatment,there were no significant differences in terms of TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C between two groups(P＞0.05).Treatment for 12 weeks,the blood glucose compliance rate of observation group was 88.37％(38/43),the control group was 67.44％(29/43),the observation group was significantly higher than the control group(P=0.019).After treatment,the HOMA-IR value of the observation group was 4.42±0.17,significantly lower than the control group(4.91±0.24),HOMA-beta value was 88.20±6.31,significantly higher than that of the control group(80.21±5.67),the differences were significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion DDP-4 inhibitor in the treatment of type 2 diabetes,can effectively reduce the level of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin,and have no significant adverse reactions,is effective and safe hypoglycemic drugs.

Objective To explore the relevance between nitrate transporters (Sialin) and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in free flaps.Methods Twenty rats were randomly divided into control group and experimental group,10 in each group.After preparatiing 4 cm×8 cm free tissue flap on left lower abdominal,the rats in experimental group were experienced ischemia in 6 hours,then reperfusion.The rats in control group were without ischemia treatment,and tissue flaps were sutured in situ.After postoperative observation for 7 days,the furthest edge of survival flaps were sampled.The expression of Sialin was detected by the Real-time PCR and Western blot.The change of nitrate content was analysed by chemiluminescence.Results Both of results of Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot,it was found that expression levels of Sialin in the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group(0.945±0.0530)(P＜0.05).Applying Real-time quantitative PCR relative quantitative analysis,it was found that the experimental group Sialin mRNA expression level was 0.284±0.0486,significantly lower than that of control group (0.945±0.0530)(P＜0.05).Using Western blot technical analysis,experimental Sialin protein expression level was(0.1413±0.0446),significantly lower than the control group (0.3519±0.0368) (P＜0.05).The concentration of nitrate of test results found that the expression of nitrate transporters (Sialin) linearly related with the concentration of nitrate in free flaps,which means tbe Sialin expression level decreased,the nitrate content decreased(P＜0.05,R=0.81).Conclusion The concentration of nitrate was linearly related to the level of Sialin expression:when Sialin expression levels dropped,the concentration of nitrate decreased.Nitrate transporters(Sialin) may be correlated with IRI in free flaps.

BACKGROUND:For the patients with proximal humeral fractures or serious complications, internal fixation is the effective method that cannot influence the activity of the shoulder with few trauma. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biomechanical characteristics of percutaneous plate combined with anatomical locking plate fixation for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures. METHODS:Seventy-five patients with proximal humeral fractures were selected from Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between March 2007 and December 2011. The healing after the locking plate fixation and the shoulder joint score after internal fixation were observed. The biomechanical advantages of locking plate fixation in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures were analyzed. RESUTLS AND CONCLUSION:Al the 75 patients were fol owed up for 6-24 months, average 13.3 months. The X-ray film after treatment showed al the screws were in correct position with satisfactory fracture reduction, and the fractures were healed without neurovascular injury and humeral head necrosis;one case had infection and healed after treatment, 72 cases had no shoulder pain, while three cases had occasional shoulder pain. The Neer score was excel ent in 57 cases, good in 11 cases, moderate in seven cases and poor in none, and the excel ent and good rate was 90.7%. Compared with other fixation implants, the locking plate fixation in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures has the advantages of high fixation strength and satisfactory effect, becoming the first choice for the clinical treatment of proximal humeral fractures.

Objective To conduct serum pharmacochemistry study onShijing pill. Methods HPLC fingerprints of serum in rats after takingShijingpill were established,the serun samples after takingShijing pill, decoction without one of the component drugs and single crude drug were compared,the transitional constituents absorbed into the blood and the original crude after takingShijing pill was determined.Results Fourteen transitional constituents were detected in rat blood after takingShijing pill,four of which were permanent component of blood,seven of which were prototype constituents,three of which were metabolites. Conclusions Some of chemical composition ofShijing pill was clarified preliminarily,that contributes to further studying pharmacodynamic meterial foundation ofShijing pill.

Neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) is a type of heterogeneous tumor that originates from peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells. The presence of over-expressed somatostatin receptors (SSTR) on the surface of NEN tumor cells has led to the administration of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs (SSA) in combination with over-expressed SSTR, which is called peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacceticacid- D-Phe1-Tyr3-Thr8-octreotide (DOTATATE)-based α/β radionuclide therapy is one of the representative therapeutic methods of PRRT. This article reviews the progress of research on α/β radionuclide therapy based on DOTATATE and its related combination therapy, drug toxicity and safety, as well as expectation for modalities with clinical value for NEN treatment.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of retigabine (a M-type potassium channel opener) on brains and its mechanism in male mice after acute cerebral ischemia reperfusion(I/R)injury.Methods Seventy male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided sham-operated group (n=10),middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group (n=10) and prevention group (n=50) according to the random number table method;mice in the prevention group were then divided into XE991 (a M-type potassium channel blocker) group,RTG-treatment 0 h group,RTG-treatment 1 h group,RTG-treatment 3 h group,and RTG-treatment 6 h group (n=10).The MCAO models were established by suture method,and reperfusion was performed 90 min after cerebral ischemia.In RTG-treatment groups,a single dose of 10.5 mg/kg RTG was injected at the designated varying time points (0,1,3 and 6 h after the reperfusion);in XE991 group,a single dose of 3.0 mg/kg XE991 was injected after the reperfusion;mice in the sham-operated group and MCAO group received the same volume of saline.Twenty-four h after model making,infarct size was measured by TTC staining.HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes of neurons in hippocampal CA1 regions.The apoptotic neurons level and membrane protein CD40L expression in the ischemic penumbra were detected by TUNEL staining and Western blotting.Results In the sham-operated group,brain tissues had no obvious change,no infarction was observed,there was no CD40L expression,and TUNEL staining positive neurons were hardly found.(1) Cerebral artery territory infarction was visible in the MCAO group and intervention group;however,the infarction volume of the RTG-treatment groups was significantly lower than that in the MCAO group (P＜0.05);the infarction volume of the RTG-treatment 6 h group was increased as compared with that of the RTG-treatment 0 h group,RTG-treatment 1 h group,and RTG-treatment 3 h group,without significant difference (P＞0.05).(2) HE staining showed that hippocampal neurons were obviously swollen and necrotic in the MCAO group and XE991 group,while the pathological damages such as brain edema and neuron necrosis were ameliorated significantly in the RTG-treatment groups.(3) As compared with those in the MCAO group,the number of TUNEL staining positive neurons in the RTG-treatment 0 h group,RTG-treatrnent 1 h group,and RTG-treatment 3 h group and CD40L number in the RTG-treatment 0 h group and RTG-treatment 3 h group were decreased significantly (P＜0.05);as compared with that in the MCAO group,the number of TUNEL staining positive neurons increased significantly in the XE991 group (P＜0.05).Conclusion RTG has protective effect on cerebral I/R,and its mechanism might relate to reducing cell excitability and inflammation,thereby inhibiting cell apoptosis;these protection would be less effective when RTG is used outside a defined critical period of time.

Objective:To screen out the potential key genes of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI), and provide theoretical and experimental evidence for the treatment of sepsis-associated AKI.Methods:① Bioinformatics analysis: two gene expression datasets (GSE30718 and GSE53773) were downloaded for bioinformatics analysis from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). These two datasets recorded mRNA microarray data from kidney biopsies before and after kidney transplantation, and a subset of patients developed AKI after kidney transplantation. Differential analysis was conducted, and the genes with the same differential expression and a higher area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) in both databases were used as the target gene for subsequent cell experiments. ② Cell validation experiment: human proximal renal tubular cells HK2 were cultured in vitro, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for establishing LPS-HK2 cell model (LPS 10 mg/L for 6 hours, LPS model group), and the blank control group was set. Then, small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to knock down the target gene obtained by bioinformatics analysis in LPS-HK2 cells (gene knockdown group), and a gene negative control group was set. The real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique was used to detect the expression of the target gene in HK2 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors in the cell supernatants. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of key apoptosis proteins. Results:① Results of bioinformatics analysis: 325 genes in the two datasets showed the same expression trend, of which 144 were significantly down-regulated and 181 were significantly up-regulated, while the expression difference of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in the two datasets was both statistically significant. Further receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis confirmed that the SLPI expression in GSE30718 and GSE53773 datasets had a high diagnostic efficiency for AKI, with AUC of 0.83 and 0.92, respectively. Therefore, SLPI was selected as the target gene for subsequent cell validation experiment. ② Cell validation experiment: the RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of SLPI in LPS-HK2 cells of the LPS model group was significantly higher than that of the blank control group (2 -ΔΔCT: 1.80±0.14 vs. 1.00±0.11, P < 0.01), and the change trend was the same with the results of bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, knockdown SLPI gene analysis showed that the levels of inflammatory factors in LPS-HK2 cells supernatants in the gene knockdown group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group [Interleukin-6 (IL-6, ng/L): 509.58±27.08 vs. 253.87±75.83, IL-1β (ng/L): 490.99±49.52 vs. 239.67±26.97, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, ng/L): 755.22±48.66 vs. 502.06±10.92, all P < 0.01]. The above results indicated that SLPI could inhibit the inflammatory response of HK2 cells induced by LPS. The expressions of key apoptosis proteins Bax and caspase-3 in LPS-HK2 cells in the gene knockdown group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group [Bax protein (Bax/GAPDH): 1.38±0.12 vs. 1.00±0.10, caspase-3 protein (caspase-3/GAPDH): 1.44±0.15 vs. 1.00±0.11, both P < 0.05], and Bcl-2 expression was significantly decreased (Bcl-2/GAPDH: 0.83±0.08 vs. 1.00±0.05, P < 0.05), the above results indicated that SLPI could inhibit the apoptosis of cells in the inflammatory response. Conclusion:SLPI can inhibit the inflammatory response and apoptosis of HK2 cells induced by LPS, which may be involved in the protective mechanism of renal tubular cells in the response to sepsis, and is a potential target for the treatment of sepsis-associated AKI.

Purpose: C5α receptor 1 (C5ΑR1) is associated with the development of various human cancers. However, whether it is involved in the development of hepatitis B virus (HBV)–related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly understood. We explored the expression, biological role, and associated mechanisms of C5AR1 in HBV-related hepatoma cells. Materials and Methods: The expression of C5ΑR1 mediated by HBV and HBV core protein (HBc) was detected in hepatoma cells. The function of nuclear factor кB (NF-κB) pathway in HBc-induced C5AR1 expression was assessed. The roles of C5ΑR1 in the activation of intracellular signal pathways, the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, and the growth and migration of hepatoma cells mediated by HBc, were investigated. The effect of C5α in the development of HCC mediated by C5AR1 was also measured. Results: C5ΑR1 expression was increased in HBV-positive hepatoma cells. Dependent on HBc, HBV enhanced the expression of C5ΑR1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Besides, HBc could promote C5ΑR1 expression via the NF-κB pathway. Based on the C5ΑR1, HBc facilitated the activation of JNK and ERK pathways and the expression and secretion of interleukin-6 in hepatoma cells. Furthermore, C5ΑR1 was responsible for enhancing the growth and migration of hepatoma cells mediated by HBc. Except these, C5α could promote the malignant development of HBc-positive HCC via C5AR1. Conclusion We provide new insight into the mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis mediated by HBc. C5ΑR1 has a significant role in the functional abnormality of hepatoma cells mediated by HBc, and might be utilized as a potential therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC.