Objective To observe the matching between the straight short femoral cephalomedullary nail (PFNA-Ⅱ) and the femoral anterior bow in Chinese patients with intertrochanteric fracture. Methods A retrospective study was performed to analyze the postoperative lateral X-rays of 158 patients with intertrochanteric fracture who had been treated by PFNA- Ⅱ between August 2009 and December 2010.They were 35 men and 123 women,with a mean age of 77.2 years.The relationships between the distal tip of the medullary nail and the anterior cortex of the femur were observed according to a self-designed 6-grade scale (grade 0:central location of the nail tip in the medullary canal; grade 1:deviated location without contact with the cortex; grade 2:contact＜ 1/3 cortex thickness; grade 3:contact ＞ 1/3, ＜ 2/3 cortex thickness; grade 4:contact ＞ 2/3 cortex thickness; grade 5:perforation; posterior deviations in grades 1 to 5 presented as minus).The theoretical distance was measured as if the anterior protrusive nail tip had been placed back to the central axis.The degree of the curvature and its corresponding radius were calculated by the geometric method. Results Of the 158 patients,the distal tip of PFNA- Ⅱ was located centrally along the axis of femur canal in 30 cases(19.0％ ),posteriorly to the central axis in 10 cases(6.3％ ),and anteriorly to the central axis in 118 cases (grades 1 to 3; 74.7％ ),of which 55 cases experienced irritation caused by the contact between the distal tip and the anterior cortex (grades 2 to 3％ ).The mean theoretical distance needed to put back the nail tip to the canal central axis was 1.42 ± 0.18 mm in the 17 cm nails,1.77 ± 0.39 mm in the 20 cm nails,and 2.46 ±0.20 mm in the 24 cm nails.Their corresponding curvature arcs were 2.51° ±2.40°,2.13° ± 1.65° and 2.09° ± 0.98°,and their curvature radii were 1483 ± 818 mm,2329 ± 1293 mm,and3710 ± 1957 mm,respectively. Conclusions There is a significant mismatch between the current short straight celphalomedullary nail (PFNA- Ⅱ) and the femoral anterior how in Chinese population.A curvature design is needed for the short cephaiomedullary nails to match the femoral anterior how of Chinese population.

Objective: To study the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides ( LBP ) on blood indexes and liver tissue morphology in rats with intrahepatic cholestasis. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, and LBP low, medium and high dose group. The rats in the model group and LBP dose groups were given 60 mg/kg alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate ( ANIT ) by gavage every three days of the experiment, and the rats in the control group were given salad oil instead of ANIT. From the third day, the rats in each dose group were given 40, 150 and 600 mg/kg LBP, and the rats in the model group were given distilled water. After four weeks, the blood and urine indexes were measured, and the morphological changes of liver tissue were observed. Results: From the third day of the experiment, the activity of rats in the model group and LBP dose groups decreased, and the color of urine changed to dark yellow. There was no abnormality in the group. In the model group, the levels of serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total bile acid ( TBA ), alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ), γ-glutamyltransferase(γ-GGT), cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ), aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ), white blood cell ( WBC ), percentage of granulocyte, urinary bilirubin, urinary bile acid, liver mass and liver to body ratio were higher than those in the control group, while red blood cell and percentage of lymphocyte were lower than those in the control group ( all P<0.05 ). Pathological changes of liver tissue were observed. The levels of serum TBA, ALP, γ-GGT, ALT, AST, WBC and liver to body ratio in LBP high dose group were lower than those in the model group ( all P<0.05 ). The infiltration of inflammatory cells, proliferation and expansion of bile duct, degeneration and necrosis of liver cells were alleviated. Conclusions LBP can improve the blood indexes and pathological changes of liver tissue in rats with intrahepatic cholestasis at the dosage of 600 mg/kg. Inhibition of inflammatory response and reduction of oxidative stress injury may be the mechanism for alleviating cholestatic liver injury.

Objective: To observe the effect of 5-hudroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) on glycolipid metabolism and hepatic function in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hepatic injury. Methods: A low, a medium and a high 5-HMF dose group, a model group, and a control group were designed, with ten female ICR mice in each group. The low, medium and high dose group were given 0.27, 0.80 and 2.67 mg/kgbw 5-HMF, respectively, for 12 weeks; while the model group and the control group were given volume controlled deionized water. The model group and three dose groups were fed with high-fat and high-sugar food (36%), and the intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (60 mg/kgbw) was executed in the 10th and 11th week; the control group were fed with normal food. The body weight, blood glucose, blood lipid, and liver function of mice were determined regularly. The livers were stained by periodic acid Schiff and the changes in pathology were observed. Results: Compared with the control group, the serum levels of glucose (GLU), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher in the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the AST level in the low and high 5-HMF dose group, and the LDH level in the low, medium and high 5-HMF dose group, were significantly lower (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the levels of GLU, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triacylglycerol, HDL-C and ALT between the model group and the three dose groups (P>0.05). Moderate to severe vacuolar degeneration was observed in the model group, while mild vacuolar degeneration was observed in the high dose group. Medium or large amount of hepatic glycogen granules were observed in the high dose group and the model group. Conclusion Under the conditions of this experiment, 5-HMF does not show any obvious function of reducing blood glucose and lipid in the mice with T2DM and liver injury, but show some protective effects on liver function．

Objective : To study the damage effect of sunlight ultraviolet exposure on skin. Methods : No exposure group, low exposure group and high exposure group were set up with 10 mice in each. The exposure doses of sunlight ultraviolet were 0, 10 J/cm2 and 20 J/cm2, respectively. The skin of mice was irradiated by a sunlight ultraviolet simulator for 5 days a week, 13 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the skin appearance of mice was examined; the skin moisture, oil content, texture density, hydroxyproline ( HYP ), hyaluronic acid (HA), malondialdehyde ( MDA ), glutathione ( GSH ) and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activities were detected; and the skin tissue morphology, collagen fiber morphology and elastic fiber morphology were observed. Results : The skin appearance of mice in the no exposure group was normal; in the low exposure group, only one mouse had mild skin desquamation; in the high exposure group, the skin was loose and wrinkled, dry and desquamated, local thickening and erythema formation. Compared with the no exposure group, the contents of skin moisture, HYP, HA and SOD activity were lower, texture density, MDA content, morphological scores of skin tissue, collagen fiber tissue and elastic fiber tissue were higher in the high exposure group ( all P<0.05 ). Compared with the low exposure group, the HA content and SOD activity were lower, the skin texture density, MDA content, and histomorphological scores of skin tissue and collagen fibers were higher in the high exposure group ( all P<0.05 ). Conclusion Exposure to 20 J/cm2 sunlight ultraviolet can significantly lead to abnormal skin appearance and function in mice.

Objective: To detect the bioavailability of 21 types of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in rat liver and to examine the effect of protein powder. Methods: Twenty-four rats of the SD strain were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, and the protein powder group. Twenty-one types of PFCs were mixed at an equal concentration of 10 ng/mL, and rats in the model group and the protein powder group were given by oral administration of PFCs mixtures at a daily dose of 5 mL/kg. Rats in the protein powder group were given protein powder by gavage at a dose of 15 mL/kg, while animals in the model and control groups were given deionized water at doses of 15 and 20 mL/kg for 28 successive days. The PFCs contents were quantified in rat liver using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the bioavailability was estimated. Results: There were no significant differences in rat body weight or liver/body weight ratio in the control, model and protein powder groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the bioavailability of perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acid (PFCA) or sulfonate (PFSA) in the liver of female and male rats between the protein powder group and the model group (P>0.05), and the gross bioavailability of PFCA (t=-22.266, P<0.001) and PFSA (t=-34.312, P<0.001) was significantly higher in the liver of male rats than in that of female rats in the model group, and the bioavailability of PFCA and PFSA increased followed by a reduction in rat livers with the increase of carbon chain length in the model group. In the model group, the highest bioavailability was measured in perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) and sodium perfluorooctylsulfonate (L-PFOS) in the female rat liver [(36.06±2.93)% and (37.11±1.73)%], and the highest bioavailability was measured in perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and L-PFOS in the female rat liver [(61.02±2.16)% and (87.16±3.29)%]. Conclusions The bioavailability of PFCs correlates with the carbon chain length and animal gender in rat livers, and protein powder poses no clear-cut effects on the bioavailability of 21 types of PFCs in rat livers.

Objective: To assess the effects of subchronic intake of high-dose Dendrobium officinale on body weight, food intake, food utilization, and blood biochemical parameters in rats, so as to provide insights into assessment of edible safety of D. officinale. Methods: Eighty SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into the low-, medium- and high-dose groups and the control group, of 10 male and 10 female rats in each group. Rats in the low-, medium- and high-dose groups were administered with D. officinale feeds at doses of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 g/kg body weight, respectively, while animals in the control group were given basic diet for successive 13 weeks. The rat body weight, food intake, food utilization, and blood biochemical parameters were compared between groups. Results: Normal diet and activity was seen in all rats, and no abnormal syndromes, signs or deaths were found during the study. There were no significant differences in rat body weight, food intake, total weight gain, total food intake, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea nitrogen, creatinine, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio or blood glucose among four groups (P>0.05). The food utilization 7 weeks post-administration [(8.71%±0.78%) vs. (10.54%±1.37%), P<0.05] and the total food utilization [(18.00%±0.41%) vs. (19.51%±1.21%), P<0.05] were significantly lower in male rats in the high-dose group than in the control group. Conclusion Subchronic intake of high-dose D. officinale shows no toxicity in rats, and reduced food utilization may be associated with the health function of D. officinale in male rats.

Objective: To explore the effects of protein powder on the bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in blood and kidneys of rats and renal function change. Methods: Twenty-four rats of the SD strain were randomly divided into the negative control group, PFASs group and protein powder group, with 8 rats (half males and half females) in each group. PFASs included 13 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 8 perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs), and the mixture was used as a test subject for intervention. The rats in the negative control group were given deionized water at doses of 20 mL/kg·bw, in the PFASs group were given 5 mL/kg·bw of PFASs mixtures and 15 mL/kg·bw of deionized water, and in the protein powder group were given 5 mL/kg·bw of PFASs mixtures and 15 mL/kg·bw of protein powder (0.258 g/mL). After intervention for 28 successive days, body weight and kidney mass were weighed, and the kidney volume index was calculated. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The PFCAs, PFSAs and PFASs contents were quantified in blood and kidney using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, and the bioavailability was estimated. Results: There was no significant differences in kidney mass, kidney volume index, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen among the negative control group, PFASs group and protein powder group (all P>0.05). The bioavailability of blood PFCAs, PFSAs and PFASs in the protein powder group was not significantly different from the PFASs group (all P>0.05). Compared with the PFASs group, the bioavailability of PFCAs, PFSAs and PFASs were significantly increased in kidneys of male rats in the protein powder group (all P<0.05), while were not significant different in those of female rats (all P>0.05). Conclusion Protein powder at the dose of this study can significantly improve the bioavailability of PFASs in kidneys of male rats, while there no obvious effects on the bioavailability of blood PFASs and renal function.

Objective: To learn the toxicity of Dendrobium officinale flowers to pregnant rats ( P, F1 ) and offspring rats ( F1, F2 ) before birth, so as to provide toxicological evidence for the safety assessment. Methods : The rats were divided into four groups with 20 female rats and 10 male each. The rats in three dose groups were fed with Dendrobium officinale flowers at the dose of 2.0, 4.0, 6.4g/kgbw. After two generation, the F1a and F2a rats were fed with basal diet; F1b and F2b rats were fed with Dendrobium officinale flowers. The body weights and total weight gains during the gestation, the conception rates, the pregnancy rates, the birth weights and survival rates of offspring rats were examined. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the body weights and total weight gains during the gestation, the conception rates, and the pregnancy rates in pregnant rats ( P, F1 ) among the four groups ( P>0.05 ). There were also no statistically significant differences in the survival rates and live birth rates in offspring rats (F1, F2) between the dose groups and the control group ( P>0.05 ). Conclusions Dendrobium officinale flowers did not show obviously adverse effects on pregnant rats ( P, F1 ) and offspring rats ( F1, F2 ) before birth.

Objective : To evaluate the health effects of persistent organic pollutants（POPs）on body weight,food intake,internal organs,blood biochemistry,metabolic enzymes and antioxidant ingredients of rats. Methods : Sixteen healthy Sprague-Dawley（SD）rats were randomly divided into the experimental group exposed to 10 mL/kg mixture of POPs（10 ng/mL PCBs,5 ng/mL PBDEs,1 ng/mL PCDD/F）everyday for 28 days by gavage,and the control group exposed to the same volume of soybean oil in the same way. Body weight and food intake of the rats were recorded regularly;blood routine and biochemical indices were detected;liver,kidney,spleen and testicles（ovary）of the rats were weighed to calculate organ coefficients;metabolic enzymes and antioxidant ingredients were detected from livers of the rats. Results : No obviously abnormal symptoms and no deaths were found in both groups. Compared to the control group,the weekly food intake in the experimental group increased more for there was an interaction between grouping and time（P< 0.05）. The ratio of liver to body weight of male rats in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group [（3.87± 0.19）% vs.（3.53± 0.06）%,P< 0.05]. The haemoglobin and red blood cell of female rats in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group[（145.25± 6.18）g/L vs.（154.50± 4.20）g/L;（6.90± 0.14）× 1012/L vs.（7.39± 0.24）× 1012/L;both P< 0.05]. The glutathione-S-transferase（GST）of female rats in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group [（13.37± 1.05）U/mgprot vs.（9.43± 1.08）U/mgprot,P< 0.05]. The cytochrome P4501A1of rats in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group [female：（88.23± 5.81）ng/mgprot vs.（73.85± 5.86）ng/mgprot;male：（96.80± 13.32）ng/mgprot vs.（ 72.20± 2.01）ng/mgprot;both P< 0.05]. Conclusion After exposed to low dose of POPs,the cytochrome P4501A1 increased in all rats,the liver to body weight ratio increased in male rats,GST activity increased while red blood cell and haemoglobin decreased in female rats,which indicated possible body damages in rats.