OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of the timing of nephrology referral, whether early (ER) or late (LR), on morbidity and mortality of dialysis patients Study Design: Cohort, retrospective

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients with CRF who were dialyzed for the first time in the Center for Kidney Diseases of the University of Santo Tomas Hospital from January 1 to December 31, 2000. Included cases were classified as either early referral or late referral patients. Excluded in this study were patients with severe acute renal failure (ARF), those who had undergone acute peritoneal dialysis for whatever cause, those with malignancies, those who transferred to another dialysis unit and those who were lost to follow-up.

RESULTS: Among 104 patients, 45 (43.3 percent) were included in the study. Sixteen cases (35.6 percent) were timed as ER and 29 (64.4 percent) as LR. There was no difference in the age, sex, comorbid illness and type of renal diseases in both groups. The mean values of BUN, serum creatinine were higher in the LR group. Majority (50 percent) of the ER group had creation of AV fistula at the onset of the first dialysis. The initial morbity was longer in the LR group (mean, 20.48 +/- 11.55 days). The need for emergent dialysis was similar in both groups. There was no difference in the mortality rate in both groups (ER 75 percent, LR 62 percent). Likewise, survival analysis showed no difference in the two groups at twelve months.

CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study in the Philippines that focused on CRF patients early or late referral status, and its effects on morbidity and mortality. Further studies are needed to determine whether these results are linked with dialysis modalities, psychosocial conditions and socioeconomic factors. Widespread dissemination of clear guidelines for general practitioners and non-nephrologists, interventions to promote early diagnosis and adequate pre-dialysis follow-up and development of educational programs for the patients need to be evaluated since they appear to be important in improving the survival of CRF patients.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Nephrology ; Renal Dialysis ; Creatinine ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Morbidity ; Survival Analysis ; Acute Kidney Injury ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Neoplasms ; Fistula

INTRODUCTION: Stigmatizing attitudes are barriers to treatment of mental health disorders. The burden of stigma has not been established locally. This study aimed to assess the stigma in the community by determining the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of barangay residents towards mental health and persons with mental health illness. METHODS: A total of 422 participants were included using convenience sampling. Participants were given self-administered questionnaires that consisted of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS), Community Attitudes Towards the Mentally Ill (CAMI), and Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS) tools. The mean scores and percentages were computed and compared across the sociodemographic data of the respondents. RESULTS: Knowledge levels were relatively high with a mean score of 26.63. Depression, stress, bipolar disorder and drug addiction were recognized as mental illnesses by the majority of the participants. Scores in the stigmatizing ideologies authoritarianism (3.07) and social restrictiveness (2.58) were low, while the positive ideologies benevolence (3.76) and community health ideology (3.85) had higher scores. Participants were reluctant to work with mentally-ill people (3.18) but were willing to be friends with them (3.87). CONCLUSION This study concludes that the respondents were generally knowledgeable about mental health illness. There was a general acceptance and less stigmatizing attitude, and a willingness to interact with people with mental illness.
psychiatry ; Mental health ; Social Stigma

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in treating the symptoms and laryngeal findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Methods: Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials published after June 2001 to January 2021 which used PPI as the sole intervention and the RSI or RFS as outcome measures were eligible for inclusion. Studies that were published prior to June 2001, those which only made use of questionnaires other than the RSI or RFS, those which used PPI in combination with other treatments, or those with unavailable full-text manuscripts were excluded. These studies were identified from MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, and HERDIN Plus databases which were searched from May 21 to 26, 2020. The primary outcome was the mean difference between baseline/pre-treatment and post-treatment RSI scores for both PPI and placebo groups. The secondary outcome was the mean difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment RFS scores for PPI and placebo groups. Aggregate results of these outcomes were analyzed using forest plots. Heterogeneity was determined through prediction intervals. Risk of bias of individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Tool in Assessing Risk of Bias. Results: Nine randomized control trials were included with a total of 737 patients randomized and 595 patients analyzed – 294 from the PPI group and 301 from the placebo group. There were notable variations among the studies in terms of choice of PPI, dosage and frequency. Out of nine studies, four used both RSI and RFS in their analysis. Two studies used RSI alone and three used the RFS in combination with symptom questionnaires other than the RSI. There was a significant decrease in the RSI of the PPI group versus the placebo group with a mean difference of -2.83 (95% CI, -5.13 to -0.53, p = .02). However, there was no significant decrease in the RFS between PPI and placebo groups with a mean difference of -0.84 (95% CI, -2.66 to 0.98, p = .37). For two clinical trials which only reported post-treatment RFS, there was also no significant difference between the two treatment groups with a mean difference of 1.27 (95% CI, -0.22 to 2.76, p = .10). Conclusion This meta-analysis found that, although a statistically significant benefit in RSI was noted with PPI therapy, this difference may not translate to a clinically significant change in symptoms; therefore, there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the treatment of LPR with PPIs.
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; Laryngitis ; Hoarseness