With the advance of modern imaging technologies,many examinations,especially for ultrasound,have been used for the screening examination of breast cancers.This article reviewed the character and prospect of ultrasound for breast cancers.

Background and purpose:Tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the introduction of foreign factors that mediate tumor acquired resistance. The antitumor effects of many chemotherapeutic agents depend on the level of oxygen pressure (pO2) in tumor microenvironment. This study aimed to evaluate electron paramagnetic reso-nance (EPR)-based monitoring on an oxygen-enriched tumor microenvironment to increase chemotherapeutic sensitivity. Methods:MCF-7 cells were used to establish human breast cancer in nude mice. EPR was used to directly measure pO2 levelin vivo. Tumor tissues were collected, and mitochondrial activity was assayed on the basis of the kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. A laser Doppler monitor was used to detect regional blood flow. Tumor apoptotic rate was analyzed by flow cytometry.Results:The tumor volume decreased more evidently in the chemotherapy group with oxy-gen-enriched environment than that in the conventional chemotherapy group after the treatment was administered (P<0.01). After chemotherapy was completed, the apoptotic rate of tumor cells was significantly higher in the chemotherapy group with oxygen-enriched environment than that in the conventional chemotherapy group (P<0.001). This study examined the mechanism ofpO2 changes in tumor microenvironment: This was related to the change of the balance between the oxygen consumption and the regional blood flow in the tumor tissues after chemotherapy.Conclusion:Based on the characteristics ofpO2 changes in the tumor microenvironment after chemotherapy was completed, the selection of chemotherapy mode forthe treatment inpO2 peak time window improves the sensitivity of chemotherapy, which provides a new idea for individual-ized chemotherapy in clinical applications.

Granular cell tumor of the breast (GCTB) is a rare tumor which stems from Schwann cells.It is a largely benign tumor,but in the literature extremely infrequent cases can exhibit malignant characteristics.It tends to a particular problem as its characteristics are similar with breast carcinoma macroscopically,clinically,and radiologically.Typically,GCTB is benign and solitary lesion,yet including atypical GCTB and malignant GCTB,they can co-localize with breast malignancies multicentricity.The histopathological and immunohistochemical detection is the gold standard for diagnosis of GCTB up to now.And local expanded resection is the main treatment method at present.

Objective:To evaluate the characteristics of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in renal VX2 tumors.Methods: VX2 tumors were transplanted into 12 rabbit kidneys and observations were made by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography 7,14 and 21 days after the transplantation respectively.Results: The best intervention time was 2-3 weeks after the tumor transplantation,while nicrosis was apt to occur after 3 weeks.The visibility of the renal tumors was significantly increased from 57.1%(12/21) to 100%(21/21).Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography showed defect and delineation of VX2 tumors. Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can improve the peripheral and internal blood flows of the tumors promote the diagnosis of renal tumors.

Objective To investigate the value of the diagnosis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in renal tumors. Methods Nineteen patients with hyperechoic renal tumors detected by CEUS underwent resection for suspected renal malignant and benign tumors. The characterization of hyperechoic renal tumors on CEUS was evaluated. Results Histopathologic results of resected lesions showed benign tumors in 11 patients with angiomyolipoma and malignancy in 8 patients with clear cell carcinoma. Six patients with angiomyolipoma showed rapid wash in contrast enhancement and slow wash out on all tumor and focal tumor (6/11). One patient with angiomyolipoma was observed in rapid wash in and wash out (1/11). Four patients with angiomyolipoma showed rapid wash in and negative contrast enhancement after rapid wash out(negative contrast enhancement compared to renal cortex,4/11). Five patients with clear cell carcinoma showed rapid wash in and wash out (5/8). Two patients with clear cell carcinoma showed rapid wash in and delayed wash out (2/8). One patient with showed no enhancement on CEUS (1/8). The pseudocapsule could be seen at 5 patients with clear cell carcinoma. Wash in enhancement and wash out on clear cell carcinoma were significant in comparison to these of angiomyolipoma (P<0.05). Wash in enhancement,delayed wash out and negative contrast enhancement were no significant between clear cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma (P>0.05). Conclusions CEUS is useful for discriminating between benign and malignant renal tumor.

OBJECTIVE To study the distribution and drug resistance of meticillin-resistante coagulase negative Staphylococcus(MRCNS) in neonate septicemia for rational use of antibiotics in clinic. METHODS The MRCNS isolates were detected by BD120 and ATB.Susceptibility test to 12 antibiotics was performed through disk diffusion test. RESULTS Totally 262 strains coagulase negative Staphylococcus(CNS) was isolated from 344 S.aureus strains.Among 262 CNS,there were 130 S.epidermidis strains(49.6%),94 S.hemolyticus strains(35.9%),21 S.hominis(8.01%),and 17 other kinds of Staphyloccus strains(6.49%).The isolated ratio of MRCNS was 65.0%(170/262).Susceptibility test showed that the MRCNS were multiple resistant. CONCLUSIONS CNS occupys the first place in infection of neonatal blood.The isolated ratio of MRCNS is high and shows multi-drug resistance.Vancomycin and some other glycopeptide antibiotics are the first choice for MRCNS infections.

Objective To explore the effect of CD40 small interfering RNA(siRNA)on the expressions of pe-ripheral blood interleukin(IL)-21 and IL -35 in rats with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM)and its sig-nificance.Methods Twenty 6 -8 week male Lewis rats were divided into normal group,EAMgroup,CD40 siRNA group and siRNA group by using random number table,with 5 rats in each group.The normal rats were induced with phos-phate buffer saline in double foot pads on day 0 and day 7,while the rest 3 groups were induced with cardiac myosin protein to establish EAMmodels.The rats in CD40 siRNA group and siRNA group were respectively injected with CD40 siRNA and siRNA slow virus expression vector through the tail vein of rats on day 7.The rats were executed on 21 day after echocardiogram examination was made.The histopathologic changes were observed by using light microscope and the myocardial histopathology scores were calculated.Enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of IL -21 and IL -35 in peripheral blood.Results (1)Except the normal group,the total incidence rate of rats of each group was 100%,and there was no rat death.(2)Compared with EAM group,the heart mass/body ratio and myocardial histopathology scores were lower in CD40 siRNA group,and the differences were significant (3.13 ±0.21 vs 3.80 ±0.29,2.22 ±0.43 vs 3.32 ±0.51,F =0.332,0.456,all P <0.05).(3)The echocardiogram showed that there was only 1 rat in EAM group with massive pericardial effusion,and there was no pericardial effusion in CD40 siRNA group.EAMgroup,CD40 siRNA group and siRNA group displayed hypertrophy of the ventricular septum and left ventricular wall,narrow heart cavity and weakening of ventricular wall motion.The left ventricular shortening rate in CD40 siRNA group was significantly higher than that in the EAMgroup[(63.34 ±11.06)% vs (38.56 ±6.98)%,F =16.080,P <0.05].(4)The peripheral blood level of IL -21 in CD40 siRNA group was lower than that in EAM group [(141.19 ±17.46)ng/L vs (157.81 ±17.58)ng/L,F =57.008,P <0.05],while its level of IL -35 was signifi-cantly higher than that in the EAMgroup [(195.96 ±18.26)ng/L vs (174.78 ±13.91 )ng/L,F =31.727,P <0.05].(5)The level of IL -21 in peripheral blood was positively correlated with myocardial histopathology scores in EAM group (r = 0.69,P < 0.05 ),but IL -35 was negatively correlated with myocardial histopathology scores (r =-0.64,P <0.05).Conclusions CD40 siRNA might relieve the myocardial inflammation and reduce the myocar-dial injury of EAMrats.The levels of IL -21 and IL -35 can partly reflect the degree of myocardial injury.The mecha-nism may be related to down -regulating the expression IL -21 and up -regulating the expression of IL -35.

Reprogramming of energy metabolism is one of the basic characteristics of cancer and has been proved to be an important cancer treatment strategy. Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) are a class of key proteins in energy metabolism, including IDH1, IDH2, and IDH3, which are involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Mutants of IDH1 or IDH2 can produce d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) with α-KG as the substrate, and then mediate the occurrence and development of cancer. At present, no IDH3 mutation has been reported. The results of pan-cancer research showed that IDH1 has a higher mutation frequency and involves more cancer types than IDH2, implying IDH1 as a promising anti-cancer target. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the regulatory mechanisms of IDH1 on cancer from four aspects: metabolic reprogramming, epigenetics, immune microenvironment, and phenotypic changes, which will provide guidance for the understanding of IDH1 and exploring leading-edge targeted treatment strategies. In addition, we also reviewed available IDH1 inhibitors so far. The detailed clinical trial results and diverse structures of preclinical candidates illustrated here will provide a deep insight into the research for the treatment of IDH1-related cancers.