Research and industrial application of bioenergy have developed quickly with the systematic and multifocal trends in recent years. The 4th International Conference on Biomass Energy Technologies-8th World Bioenergy Symposium (ICBT-WBS 2014) and Joint Biomass Energy Symposium of Chinese Renewable Energy Society (CRES) were held in Changsha, China, 17-19 October, 2014, with American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), Biomass Energy Innovation Alliance, European Biomass Industry Association, AIChE and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This special issue on bioenergy is based on selected excellent papers from the submissions, together with free submissions. The special issue consists of reviews and original papers, mainly involving the aspects closely related to the bioenergy and related fields, including resource analyses, pretreatment, fuel/chemicals production, byproduct disposal and strategy investigation.
Biomass ; China ; Congresses as Topic ; Renewable Energy

Objective To study the haplotype diversity of DYS390、DYS393、DYS437、DYS438、DYS439、DYS447、DYS448、DYS460、H4 loci in 216 unrelated individuals in Han ethnic group of Kunming city,Yunnan province.Methods The DNA were extracted with Chloroform,phenol methods or Chelex-100 method.STR-PCR,Non-denaturing polyacylaminde gel electrophoresis and Sliver staining and ABI377 sequencer were carried out for study.216 undividuals were collected from Han ethnic group in Kunming city.Results 216 types of haplotype were detected from 9 STRS.Every haplotype frequence was detected at 0.0046,GD=1.00005934437,The lowest arrangement of the repeat units was detected at 0.0046.S E=1.25?10-9。Conclution The 9 Y-STRs loci of Kunming people are highly polymorphic and are powerful means in determination of identify and paternity for forensic practice.

BACKGROUND: Xenograft cortical bone is an easy and inexpensive bone graft material, which has good biocompatibility and bio-mechanical properties. As a bone graft, it can function as biological framework for new bone growth and bio-supporting. Moreover, it can also be processed into internal fixation devices.OBJECTIVE: To review the biological properties, preparation methods and clinical applications of heterogeneous cortical bone for fracture fixation.METHODS: A computer-based online search of Pubmed database (1990-01/2009-05) and CNKI (1990-01/2009-05) was performed for related articles with key words of "Xenograft cortical bone, Bone graft, Fixation" in English and Chinese.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 128 articles were collected. Xenograft cortical bone has a good biological performance, in particular, a certain degree of bio-mechanical properties. It is not only able to complete bone filling, bone induction, but also function as internal fixator following processing. However, the traditional preparation process reduces their bio-mechanical properties. Heterogeneous cortical bone can be widely used in intra-articular fractures and cancellous bone fracture fixation, and can be self-absorbed, avoiding the second operation. However, its instability limits its initial mechanical properties of fractures at other sites.

Objective To investigate the relationship between activity of plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH)and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods From Oct. 2006 to Jan. 2008, 105 PCOS patients undergoing treatment in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Second Hospital affiliated to West China University were enrolled in the study, among 53 cases with homeostatic model assessment IR (HOMA-IR) exceed or equal 2.77 as IR-PCOS group and 52 cases with HOMA-IR less than 2.77 as non IR-PCOS group. In the mean time, 53 infertile women due to fallopian tube or husband factors were chosen as control group. Plasma PAF-AH activity, high-density lipoprotein-associated PAF-AH (H-PAF-AH) activity, low-density lipoprotein-associated PAF-AH (L-PAF-AH) activity, the ratio of L-PAF-AH to H-PAF-AH activity were measured and compared among three groups. The method of Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to study the relationship between the ratio of L-PAF-AH to H-PAF-AH activities and hormonal and metabolic parameters. Results (1) Plasma PAF-AH activity [ (0.055±0.012) mmol· L~(-1)·min~(-1)], L-PAF-AH activity [(0.052±0.012) mmol·L~(-1)·min~(-1)], and the ratio of L-PAF-AH to H-PAF-AH activity (23±6) in the IR-PCOS group were significantly higher than those at control group [(0.050±0.009) mmol·L~(-1) ·min~(-1), (0.047±0.009) mmol·L~(-1)·min~(-1) and (18±4)] and non-IR-PCOS group [(0.050±0.0012) mmol·L~(-1) ·min~(-1), (0.048±0.012) mmol·L~(-1)·min~(-1) and (18± 5 ), P <0.05 ]. The ratio of L-PAF-AH to H-PAF-AH activities at IR-PCOS group was also significantly higher than those at Non IR-PCOS and control group after correction for body mass index (P<0.01). (2) Pearson correlation analysis showed that the ratio of L-PAF-AH to H-PAF-AH in PCOS patients was positively correlated with atherogenic index, age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, HOMA-IR, triglyceride levels, fasting insulin levels, fasting glucose levels, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol (r=0.644, 0.247, 0.296, 0.212, 0.356, 0.587, 0.377, 0.375, 0.292 and 0.199, respectively, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=-0.510, P<0.05). The multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that atherogenic index and triglyceride were significant variables for the ratio of L-PAF-AH to H-PAF-AH activity (standardized coefficient, β=0.515 and 0.201, respectively, P<0.05). Conclusion The elvated L-PAF-AH activity may be associated with IR in PCOS patients, and the increased ratio of L-PAF-AH to H-PAF-AH activities may be a potential marker of inflammation in the patients.

BACKGROUND:In vitro experiment has shown that the survival time of conventional chemical induction-induced neuron-like cells differentiated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)was short,which limited its further application.With regard to the possibility of extension of iodine-induced neuron-like cells,the survival time has not yet been professionally reported.OBJECTIVE:To research the effects of the micro-element iodine on the survival time of neuron-like cells differentiated by BMSCs.METHODS:Rat mesenchymal stem cells at passage 3 were obtained under sterile condition,and divided into groups A-F.In group A,iodine ion was not added.In groups B-F,iodine ion at mass concentrations of 2,55,90,125 and 2 500 mg/L was added respectively.An additional blank control group was established,and simultaneously the cells were induced into neuron-like cells with dimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO).Cells following induction were subjected to immunohistochemistry.Survival time of neuron-like cells was observed under different mass concentrations of iodine ion.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:When mass concentrations of iodine ion were between 55-125 mg/L,the survival time of neuron-like cells prolonged to about 5 days and structures of induced cells were intact.From then on,the number of dead cells was gradually increased till approximately one week,all neuron-like cells died.When mass concentrations of iodine ion were 2 mg/L and 2 500 mg/L,cell survival time was from 12-36 hours.No significant difference was determined compared with group A.Till 2 or 3 days,all neuron-like cells died.Above-described results indicated that an appropriated concentration of iodine iron added in the common chemical induction may be benefit for the survival time of the neuron-like cells differentiated by BMSCs,but the effect may be negligible for the survival time of neuron-like cells induced when the added concentration of iodine iron is too low or too high.

BACKGROUND:Wnt signaling pathway is the key to regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.The evidence suggests that this pathway participates in the neural precursor cell proliferation,differentiation and determination of the regulation of cell fate.At present,the Wnt signaling pathway effects on the mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)differentiated into neuron-like cells have not been reported.OBJECTIVE:To seek Wnt signal molecule that promotes the differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells.METHODS:MSCs were isolated from the femur of Sprague Dawley rats in vitro using the density gradient centrifugation,and then cultured.Following passage,cell surface markers CD29,CD44,CD34 and CD45 were measured using morphology and flow cytometry.These cells were selected and evaluated.Using neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor combined with Wnt3a and Wnt5a induction scheme,effects of Wnt3a and Wnt5a during the differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells were compared utilizing immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Simple culture of basic fibroblast growth factor served as controls.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Following culture and passage of MSCs,cells adhered to the wall,showing even spindle shape.Flow cytometry showed great expression of CD29 and CD44 and low expression of CD34 and CD45.Following Wnt3a induction,cells were positive for nestin,neuron specific enolase,but no significantly expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein.Following induction,cell viability was good.In the Wnt5a induction and control groups,weakly positive expression of nestin was found,but neuron specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein were negative.RT-PCR results demonstrated that nestin expression was detected in the Wnt3a induction group before and after induction.Significant amplified bands for neuron specific enolase were detected at day 5 following induction,and became more significant at day 10.Weak bands for glial fibrillary acidic protein were visible at day 10 following induction.These indicated that Wnt3a can promote the differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells in vitro.

Education history and characteristics of oral implantology especially in China were reviewed and commented.Curriculum establishment in China medical universities was proved to be necessary and feasible by analysis of current domestic education condition of graduate and postgraduate.education in oral implantology.In recent three years.practices in implantology education was carried out in School of Stomatology,Fourth Military Medical University.Implantology curriculum was established,with teaching experiences and methods summarized for reference of lmplantology education in other universities.

Objective To observe the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of procalcitonin (PCT),matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in children with purulent meningitis and viral encephalitis,and evaluat the differential diagnosis value of PCT and MMP-9.Methods The clinical data of 73 patients with intracranial infection admitted to neurology of Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital from September 2014 to December 2015.Twenty-two patients with pumlent meningitis were se1ected as purulent meningitis group,51 patients with viral encephalitis as viral encephalitis group,and another 20 non-infectious convulsion children as a control group.Samples of 2 ml CSF and 3 ml venous blood from all the subjects were collected within 24 hours after admission.The levels of MMP-9 were detected by Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),and the PCT 1evels were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.The data in multiple groups were compared with analysis of variance,and by SNK-q test to carry on pairwise comparison among groups.The positive rate significance compared by Chi-square test.Linear correlation analysis was used for correlation analysis.Results Mean serum and CSF levels of PCT in the pumlent meningitis patients group were significantly higher than those in the viral encephalitis group as well as the control group (P ＜ 0.01),but the levels of serum or CSF there were no significant difference between the viral encephalitis group and the control group (P ＞ 0.05);Mean serum and CSF levels of MMP-9 in the pumlent meningitis patients group were significantly higher than those in the viral encephalitis group and control group (P ＜ 0.01),and the levels in patients with viral encephalitis were significantly higher than those in control group (P ＜ 0.01);The increased percentage of the serum and CSF PCT in pumlent meningitis group were significantly higher than in viral encephalitis group (P ＜ 0.01).,but there were no significant difference for MMP-9 (P ＞ 0.05);The PCT level of serum or CSF in pumlent meningitis patients was positively correlated with MMP-9 (r =0.498,P ＜ 0.01),but there was no significant correlation in viral encephalitis group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Detection of PCT and MMP-9 level is valuable in differential diagnosis for the pumlent meningitis or viral encephalitis.

The service behavior of medical staff is influenced by the organizational environment and management mode of the hospital. That is to say, the organization and management determine the standardization and sustainability of a hospital's humanistic services, and organizational driving force is also an important factor for the staff to innovate their services. Organization and management of a hospital' s humanistic services is composed of three factors: service operation management, service elements management and service performance management. These factors ensure a hospital's humanistic services to achieve whole-staff-participation, sustainability and standardization.

Objective To study how to fulfill the repair security works of servicing and maintenance of medical equipment when medical corps execute the mission of peacekeeping successfully. Methods The maintenance and support work of medical equipment are fulfilled from several aspects, including the strict selection of maintenance personnel, learning and preparation of equipment and spare parts before going abroad, the completion of peacekeeping mission and the principle of equipment management and how to purchase medical equipment, etc. Results The operation of equipment is ensured under normal condition and the COE verification is passed through successfully. Conclusion The security system of medical equipment management and maintenance in peacekeeping and field operation is groped.