The purpose of this study was to explore the differentiation of common personality profiles and defense mechanisms between medicine and surgery resident groups. The authors evaluated the defense mechanisms of the residents by using Ewha Defense Mechanisms Test. The authors compared the defense mechanisms between two groups (medicine and surgery resident groups) who were training at SoonChunHyang University hospital in 1999. First, There were significant differences in mean scores of the defense mechanisms ratings. For the surgery group, identification and show-off were significantly higher than in the medicine group. Secondly, the differences of defense mechanism ratings, which were divided by maturity level between the two groups, were significantly higher using neurotic defense of the surgery group. Thirdly, the authors compared the frequency of major defense mechanisms of the two groups. The surgery group used identification, show-off and sublimation as major defense mechanisms in higher frequency than the medicine group. This result reflects on the fact that the surgery group has exact an apprentice discipline and dramatical therapeutic approach. The results seem to be useful in understanding the resident's optimal character for specific specialties that were selected by evaluating the differences of the common characteristics and coping mechanisms of each specialty group.
Classification* ; Defense Mechanisms* ; Sublimation

The purpose of this study was to explore the difference of defense mechanisms between medicine and surgery groups, and between residents and specialists who were professors of a medical school. The author evaluated the defense mechanisms by using Ewha Defense Mechanisms Test. The author compared the defense mechanisms of medicine and surgery specialist groups who are employed by Soonchunhyang university hospital as professors in 2000, and of medicine and surgery resident groups in 1999. First, there were significant differences in mean scores of the defense mechanisms ratings. In surgery specialist group, the rate of using projection and show-off were significantly higher than those of medicine group. In resident group, show-off, passive-aggression, dissociation, somatization, acting-out and regression were significantly higher than those of specialist group. In medicine group, residents were higher than specialists in show-off, passive-aggression, acting-out and regression. But for the specialist group, the score on anticipation was higher than in the resident group. In surgery group, residents were higher than specialists in identification, rationalization and regression. In the interaction, analysis by hierarchy and field anticipation and altruism have a significant interaction effect. Second, in comparison of maturity level between the field of speciality and level of hierarchies, surgery group used more neurotic and narcissistic defense than medicine group significantly. For the level of hierarchies, residents used more immature and neurotic defense than specialists. In medicine group, residents used immature defense more than specialists, but more mature defenses were used in specialists than residents significantly. In surgery group, residents used more immature and neurotic defenses than specialists. Mature defenses have more interaction effect. This results may reflect the fact that discipline in surgery have characteristic apprentices system and more dramatical therapeutic approach. The results seem to be useful in understanding the optimal character for each speciality. In the process of selecting spescialities evaluating one's defenses and matching with the characteristics and coping mechanisms of each specialty group can be helpful.
Altruism ; Defense Mechanisms ; Rationalization ; Schools, Medical ; Specialization

No abstract available.
Defense Mechanisms*

Despite the indications that psychodynamic factors may be important in understanding and treatment of panic disorder, these have not been studied systematically. In this report, self-rating Ewha Defense Mechanism Test(EDMT) was used to test the hypotheses that 1) panic patients would use different defense mechanism from normal controls, 2) panic patients would use lower-maturity defenses than normal controls. Twenty-two subjects meeting the DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder and 22 normal controls were given self-rating EDMT, and were compared about the use and maturity level of defenses between the two groups. Panic subjects scored significantly much higher than normal controls on the defenses of displacement and acting out, and on the controlling as a major defense mechanism. Also, the use of neurotic defense mechanisms was more frequent in panic subjects.
Acting Out ; Defense Mechanisms* ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Panic Disorder* ; Panic*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in defense mechanisms in medical students as they progress towards becoming a doctor. METHODS: Ninety premedical students were enrolled from Soonchunhyang University. All subjects were evaluated at baseline, during their 6th year of medical school, during their 4th year as a practicing doctor by the Ewha defense Mechanisms Test which contained 20 defense mechanisms and 4 factors (unstable, narcissistic, self-negative, and avoidant). In the end, 60 subjects were included in the analysis. RESULTS: During the period from premedical student to medical doctor, the use of passive-aggressive, acting-out, displacement, somatization, dissociation, projection, denial, regression, and distortion decreased significantly. Also, there was a significant difference in the use of defense mechanisms from the time as a premedical student to a medical student. However, there was no significant difference in the period from medical student to medical doctor. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the use of unstable and avoidant defense scales decreased in the course of becoming a doctor from a premedical student, compared to mature or stable defense scales.
Defense Mechanisms ; Denial (Psychology) ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Dissociative Disorders ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical ; Students, Premedical ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: Shift work is a stressful situation. It is important to know the factors associated with the ability to adapt to a shift work schedule. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between sleep, as well as personality variables, and the resilience of shift work nurses. METHOD: Self-report questionnaires were administered to 95 nurses who worked in one national university hospital. Connor-Davidson resilience scale, hospital anxiety and depression scale, morningness-eveningness scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, other sleep-related questionnaires, and Korean defense style questionnaires were used. RESULTS: Age, shift work duration, off-day oversleep, depression, anxiety, adaptive defense style, and self-suppressive defense style were significantly associated with resilience (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that age (beta = 0.34, p < 0.05), depression (beta = -0.25, p < 0.05), adaptive defense style (beta = 0.45, p < 0.001), and self-suppressive defense style (beta = -0.19, p < 0.05) significantly predicted the resilience of shift work nurses. Concerning individual defense mechanisms, resignation (beta = -0.20, p < 0.05), sublimation (beta = 0.19, p < 0.05), omnipotence (beta = 0.19, p < 0.05), and humor (beta = 0.20, p < 0.05) significantly predicted the resiliency. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that a specific defense style and other mechanisms were associated with the resilience of shift work nurses. A future prospective study with more participants could further clarify the relationship between sleep-related variables, as well as personality factors, and resilience of shift work nurses.
Anxiety ; Appointments and Schedules ; Defense Mechanisms ; Depression ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sublimation

The purpose of this study was to explore the differentiation of common personality profiles and defense mechanisms between medicine and surgery specialist groups. The authors evaluated the defense mechanisms of the specialist by using Ewha Defense Mechanisms Test. The authors compared the defense mechanisms between two groups(medicine and surgery specialist groups) who are employed Soonchunhyang university hospital at 2000. First, There were significant differences in mean scores of the defense mechanisms ratings. For the surgery groups, projection and show-off were significantly higher than in the medicine group, and for the medicine groups, altruism was significantly higher than surgery groups. Second, Compared of maturity level between two groups, the medicine group used mature defense significantly. Third, We compared of major defense mechanisms between two groups. Surgery groups used show-off as a major defense mechanisms in significantly higher frequency than the medicine groups. This results were reflect that surgery group have property of apprentice system and dramatical therapeutic approach. The results seem to be useful in understanding specialist's optimal character for specific specialities that were selected by evaluating the differences of the common characteristics and coping mechanisms of each specialty group.
Altruism ; Defense Mechanisms* ; Specialization*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of personality factor and defense mechanism and relationship with depression and social disability. METHODS: Study subjects consisted of 35 panic disorder patients diagnosed with the criteria of DSM-IV. Data were collected through Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Ehwa Diagnostic Test of Defense Mechanism, Beck Depression Inventory and Sheehan Disability Scale. Statistics employed for the analyses were Pearson correlation and independent sample t-test. RESULTS: In personality factors and defense mechanisms, there were no definitely abnormal range of scores. But, among personality factors, tension/anxiety factor scored high and unstableness/stableness, shyness/boldness and praxernia/atunia were in low range of score. In defense mechanism, somaticzation and acting-out scored high and humor, suppression, altruism, avoidance and rationalization scored low. The mean BDI score was 18.25+/-9.97. The mean score of SDS were 4.88+/-3.11 in work category and 4.57+/-2.92 in social/leasure category. Male patients were significantly correlated with guit-proneness and atuia in personality factor and passive- aggressiveness, projection, denial and show-off in defense mechanism, compared with female patients (p<0.05). The patients' age was correlated with low intelligence in persolity factor and dissociation and anticipation in defense mechanism. It was negatively correlated with show-off (p<0.05). The BDI score was correlated with low intelligence, superego, unstableness, self-conflict, high superego and atunia in personality factor and dissociation and somatization in defense mechanism (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between BDI score and SDS work category (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Panic disorder patients show high score of tension/anxiety factor and they frequently use neurotic defense style like somatization. The depressive symptom, which depends on symptom severity, appears to have influence on work category and to cause social disability.
Altruism ; Defense Mechanisms ; Denial (Psychology) ; Depression ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; Panic Disorder* ; Panic* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rationalization ; Superego

First mechanism: there is a link and triple coincidence of fas receptor (D95) in the surface of target cells by presence of Fas-ligand (or CD 95L) in the surface of immune ells (Fas-Fas L includes TNF and TNF family member such as CD27L, CD39L and CD40L.. Fas L system induces apoptosis and prevents apopyosis. The second mechanism: the phenomenon of cell dissolution due to activity of granule of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) out cell (granule exocytosis).
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; Defense Mechanisms

Disease identity of dysmorphophobia and olfactory reference syndrome which used to be manifested by a kind of monosymptomatic somatic delusion is not yet established definitely. So many issues such as whether it be regarded as separate disease, or a spectrum of preexisting diseases such as schizophrenia or obsessive compulsive disorder and whether the monosymptom should be considered as a delusion or not are still on debate and the results are controversial. Consequently few is known about the etiology of the disorder.Obvioulsy, somatic delusion in dysmorphophobia and olfactory reference syndrome is the result of cognitive distortion of body image of the self. It reflects symbolic meaning of unresolved psychological conflict by defense mechanisms such as repression, dissociation, symbolization, projection, and so on. Though psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment modality has been reported, the treatment efficacy is unclear. Prognosis has been reported unfavorable and one of the leading causes has been thought to be treatment noncompliance. The authors experienced 2 cases of olfactory reference syndrome, so reported with literature review.
Body Image ; Defense Mechanisms ; Delusions ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ; Preexisting Condition Coverage ; Prognosis ; Repression, Psychology ; Schizophrenia ; Treatment Outcome