Any hypothalamic disturbance manifesting clinically is considered a major red flag for multiple sclerosis, whereas MRI lesions involving deep grey matter structures are considered an intermediate red flag. However, hypothalamic lesions manifesting clinically with hypersomnia have been described in some patients of multiple sclerosis. We report a case where the first and presenting feature of multiple sclerosis was acute onset hypersomnia with bilateral hypothalamic lesions. On review of recent literature, we also question whether clinical or radiological hypothalamic involvement is really so unusual that it should be considered a red flag for multiple sclerosis

A neglected shoulder dislocation is a rarer entity and only few cases are reported in the literature. An anterior dislocation of the shoulder is rarely missed as patients present with limb in abduction and external rotation, an attitude very familiar to orthopaedic surgeon. Occasionally such cases are missed when they present with fracture of proximal humerus or when they receive treatment from unqualified practitioners who commonly practise in rural areas. Owing to very few reports there is paucity of literature and no standard treatment protocol exists for neglected anterior dislocation of the shoulder, though most such chronic cases are managed by open reduction. This case report describes a six months old neglected anterior dislocation with a significant Hill Sachs lesion, which was managed by closed reduction and Latarjet procedure.
Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Orthopedic Procedures ; methods ; Shoulder Dislocation ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the few diseases affecting premature infants that have continued to evolve since its first description about half a century ago. The current form of BPD, a more benign and protracted respiratory failure in extremely preterm infants, is in contrast to the original presentation of severe respiratory failure with high mortality in larger premature infants. This new BPD is end result of complex interplay of various antenatal and postnatal factors causing lung injury and subsequent abnormal repair leading to altered alveolar and vascular development. The change in clinical and pathologic picture of BPD over time has resulted in new challenges in developing strategies for its prevention and management. While some of these strategies like Vitamin A supplementation, caffeine and volume targeted ventilation have stood the test of time, others like postnatal steroids are being reexamined with great interest in last few years. It is quite clear that BPD is unlikely to be eliminated unless some miraculous strategy cures prematurity. The future of BPD prevention will probably be a combination of antenatal and postnatal strategies acting on multiple pathways to minimize lung injury and abnormal repair as well as promote normal alveolar and vascular development.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; prevention & control ; Caffeine ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Oxygen ; therapeutic use ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; therapeutic use ; Respiration, Artificial

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. PURPOSE: To observe the usefulness of anterior cervical osteophytes as intrinsic markers for spinal level localization (SLL) during sub-axial cervical spinal surgery via the anterior approach. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Various landmarks, such as the mandibular angle, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, first cricoid ring, and C6 carotid tubercle, are used for gross cervical SLL; however, none are used during cervical spinal surgery via the anterior approach. We present our preliminary assessment of SLL over anterior vertebral surfaces (i.e., intrinsic markers) in 48 consecutive cases of anterior cervical spinal surgeries for the disc-osteophyte complex (DOC) in degenerative diseases and granulation or tumor tissue associated with infectious or neoplastic diseases, respectively, at an ill-equipped center. METHODS: This prospective study on patients undergoing anterior cervical surgery for various sub-axial cervical spinal pathologies aimed to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of SLL via intraoperative palpation of disease-related morphological changes on anterior vertebral surfaces visible on preoperative midline sagittal T1/2-weighted magnetic resonance images. RESULTS: During a 3-year period, 48 patients (38 males,10 females; average age, 43.58 years) who underwent surgery via the anterior approach for various sub-axial cervical spinal pathologies, including degenerative disease (n= 42), tubercular infection (Pott's disease; n=3), traumatic prolapsed disc (n=2), and a metastatic lesion from thyroid carcinoma (n=1), comprised the study group. Intrinsic marker palpation yielded accurate SLL in 79% of patients (n=38). Among those with degenerative diseases (n=42), intrinsic marker palpation yielded accurate SLL in 76% of patients (n=32). CONCLUSIONS: Intrinsic marker palpation is an attractive potential adjunct for SLL during cervical spinal surgeries via the anterior approach in well-selected patients at ill-equipped centers (e.g., those found in developing countries). This technique may prove helpful when radiographic visualization is occasionally inadequate.
Clinical Study ; Female ; Humans ; Hyoid Bone ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Osteophyte ; Palpation ; Pathology ; Prospective Studies ; Spine* ; Spondylosis ; Thyroid Cartilage ; Thyroid Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: The preferred management strategy for difficult airways is awake fiberoptic bronchoscopy-guided intubation, which requires effective airway anesthesia to ensure patient comfort and acceptance. This randomized single-blind prospective study was conducted to compare lignocaine nebulization and airway nerve block for airway anesthesia prior to awake fiberoptic bronchoscopy-guided intubation. METHODS: Sixty adult patients scheduled for surgical procedures under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to two groups. Group N received jet nebulization (10 ml of 4% lignocaine) and Group B received bilateral superior laryngeal and transtracheal recurrent laryngeal nerve blocks (each with 2 ml of 2% lignocaine) followed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy-guided nasotracheal intubation. All patients received procedural sedation with dexmedetomidine. The intubation time, intubating conditions, vocal cord position, cough severity, and degree of patient satisfaction were recorded. Student’s t test was used to analyze parametric data, while the Mann-Whitney U test was applied to non-parametric data and Fisher’s test to categorical data. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The time taken for intubation was significantly shorter in Group B [115.2 (14.7) s compared with Group N [214.0 (22.2) s] (P = 0.029). The intubating conditions and degree of patient comfort were better in Group B compared with Group N. Although all patients were successfully intubated, patient satisfaction was higher in Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Airway nerve blocks are preferable to lignocaine nebulization as they provide superior-quality airway anesthesia. However, nebulization may be a suitable alternative when a nerve block is not feasible.
Adult ; Airway Management ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Cough ; Dexmedetomidine ; Humans ; Intubation* ; Lidocaine* ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Nerve Block* ; Patient Satisfaction ; Prospective Studies* ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ; Vocal Cords

Panoramic radiographs and computed tomography (CT) play a paramount role in the accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognostic evaluation of various complex dental pathologies. The advent of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has revolutionized the practice of dentistry, and this technique is now considered the gold standard for imaging the oral and maxillofacial area due to its numerous advantages, including reductions in exposure time, radiation dose, and cost in comparison to other imaging modalities. This review highlights the broad use of CBCT in the dentomaxillofacial region, and also focuses on future software advancements that can further optimize CBCT imaging.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Dentistry ; Diagnosis ; Pathology ; Radiography

Background: The clinical phenotype of hemophilia A (HA) does not always correlate with severity.Similarly, the presence of inhibitors does not necessarily increase the risk of bleeding.This paradox between clinical and laboratory findings may be partially attributed to non-modifiable factors, such as blood group, which is known to influence FVIII levels in healthy individuals. Our aim was to assess the effect of ABO blood group antigens on FVIII levels across the severity spectrum of HA and risk of inhibitor development. Methods: Data of consecutive patients with HA who visited the coagulation unit of a northern Indian tertiary care hospital between 2010‒2021 were reviewed. Patients with missing blood group data, transfusion histories, or baseline FVIII levels were excluded. Results: Mild, moderate, and severe HA was present in 41 (6.9%), 72 (12.2%), and 479 (80.9%) patients, respectively. There were no differences in the FVIII levels among the various blood groups across the HA severity spectrum. Inhibitors were administered to 35 patients (5.9%). In the multivariate analysis, blood group A was an independent risk factor for the development of inhibitors (adjusted odds ratio 2.70, P =0.04) after adjusting for age at onset of bleeding, FVIII transfusion, age at first FVIII transfusion, and severity of HA. Conclusion Unlike what is observed in healthy individuals, blood group did not influence residual FVIII levels across the severity spectrum of HA. Patients in group A had a higher risk of developing inhibitors.

Ebola virus disease is one of the most deadly ailments known to mankind due to its high mortality rate (up to 90%) accompanying with the disease. Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an infectious disease of animal that can be transmitted to both human and non-human primates. The first epidemic of EHF occurred in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The incubation period of ebola is less than 21 days. Ebola virus infections are depicted by immune suppression and a systemic inflammatory response that leads to damage of the vascular, coagulation and immune systems, causing multi-organ failure and shock. Five genetically distinct members of the Filoviridae family responsible for EHF are as follows: Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Reston ebolavirus. The ongoing 2014 West Africa ebola epidemic has been considered as the most serious panic in the medical field with respect to both the number of human cases and death toll. The natural host for ebola virus is unknown, thus it is not possible to carry out programs to regulate or abolish virus from transmission to people. The ebola virus infection provides little chance to develop acquired immunity causing rapid progression of the disease. It is pertinent to mention that at present, there is no antiviral therapy or vaccine that is helpful against ebola virus infection in humans. The impediment of EHF necessitates much better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, particularly the role of wildlife, as well as bats, in the spread of ebola virus to humans.

A 25-year-old Indian male presented to Endocrine Outpatient Department of PGIMS Rohtak with chief complaints of inability to father a child in spite of 2 years of unprotected sexual intercourse. Patient had a normal male phenotype, however seminal fluid analysis was suggestive of azoospermia. Karyotyping chromosomal analysis showed 46, XX chromosomes. The frequency, etiology and diagnosis of this syndrome are reviewed here.

Human ; Male ; Adult ; Azoospermia ; Chromosomes ; Coitus ; Fathers ; Karyotyping ; Outpatients ; Phenotype ; Semen Analysis ; Male

Thyroid hormones exert a major control over many vital functions of the human body and thus have an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Therefore, the hypothyroid state is associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms affecting almost all bodily functions. Among the major organs affected, nervous system and body metabolism are severely affected. Facial appearance, including ocular changes, is a characteristic of the hypothyroid state. The most prominent ocular features of hypothyroidism include loss of eyelashes and eyebrows, especially on the temporal side, puffiness of the eyelids, ocular irritation and ocular protrusion. Mild drooping of the eyelids is also seen in some patients due to loss of sympathetic tone; however the occurrence of complete bilateral ptosis is rare in the setting of hypothyroidism. Our patient, who presented with sudden onset bilateral ptosis, had no manifestations of diseases involving the ocular structure, cranial nerves or central nervous system primarily; the cause may be attributed to severe hypothyroidism considering the dramatic response to thyroxine replacement therapy.
Hypothyroidism ; Thyroxine ; Myokymia