0,most symptoms of ADR were reported for the first time with the homogeneous literature ratio being 0.The predominant outcome of severe ADR were hospitalization or delayed hospitalization course,followed by increased risk of death or patients' permanent or distinct disabling.CONCLUSION:New and severe ADR should be given close attention in the clinic to guard against severe ADR.

Objective:To investigate the recognition degree and attitude to adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports among the healthcare professionals in our hospital.Method:Through random cluster sampling,the doctors,nurses and pharmacists in our hospital were interviewed on the spot.The questionnaires were input by EPI6.04 and analyzed by soft- ware SPSS11.5.Result:1077 eligible questionnaires were obtained and the recovery was 89.8%.Our bealthcare profes- sionals had a good recognition of basic ADR knowledge.The pharmacists had a better recognition degree than doctors and nurses.The better academic background the healthcare professionals had,the higher their score of recognition was,and there was a significant difference among them.There was no significant difference among the Scores of the healthcare profes- sionals with different working years,and nor was there among the scores of them with different professional titles.The atti- tude to ADR reporting was entirely right,but there were some wrong ideas.Conclusion:It is urgent to provide more train- ing courses for healthcare professionals so as to raise their consciousness of ADR reporting,ability of discrimination and lev- el of monitoring and avoid serious consequences caused by ADR.

Objective To investigate the association between the difference of specific cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) and liver function of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B and C infections and interleukin (IL)‐7 induced follicular helper T lymphocytes (Tfh) .Methods Sixty‐seven patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) hospitalized at Wuxi No .5 People′s Hospital from August 2013 to January 2015 were collected and 30 healthy blood donors were set as healthy control group .The peripheral blood IL‐7 , Tfh ,IL‐21 ,HBV specific‐CTL ,nonspecific CTL ,levels of HBV DNA ,alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TBil) were compared between patients with genotype B and C infection ,hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive and HBeAg‐negative CHB ,high ALT level and low ALT level .Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with IL‐7 .The t test was used for quantitative data and chi‐square test was used for categorical data .Results Of the 67 CHB patients with average age of (35 .1 ± 11 .4) ,48 were male and 19 were female;32 were infected with genotype C and 35 were infected with genotype B ;40 were HBeAg‐positive CHB and 27 were HBeAg‐negative CHB ;17 were with high ALT levels and 50 were with low ALT levels .IL‐7 ,Tfh ,IL‐21 and HBV specific‐CTL levels in the peripheral blood of genotype C‐infected patients were (20 .79 ± 4 .82 ) ng/L , (3 .93 ± 0 .82)% ,(24 .77 ± 7 .52) ng/L and (0 .20 ± 0 .04)% ,respectively ,while in genotype B‐infected patients , those were (29 .13 ± 8 .17) ng/L ,(5 .92 ± 1 .92)% ,(39 .94 ± 24 .00) ng/L and (0 .40 ± 0 .06)% , respectively .Levels of IL‐7 , Tfh ,IL‐21 and HBV specific‐CTL in genotype C‐infected patients were significantly lower than those in genotype B‐infected patients (t= 5 .027 ,5 .595 ,3 .553 and 15 .133 , respectively ;all P<0 .01) .Nonspecific CTL ,HBV DNA ,ALT and TBil levels in the peripheral blood of genotype C‐infected patients were all significantly higher than those in genotype B infected‐patients (t=4 .899 ,6 .815 ,2 .763 and 4 .899 ,respectively ;all P< 0 .01) .IL‐7 ,Tfh ,IL‐21 ,HBV specific‐CTL levels in the peripheral blood of HBeAg‐positive patients were significantly lower than those in HBeAg‐negative patients (all P<0 .01) .Nonspecific CTL ,HBV DNA ,ALT and TBil levels in the peripheral blood of HBeAg‐positive patients were all significantly higher than those in HBeAg‐negative patients (all P<0 .05) .IL‐7 ,Tfh ,IL‐21 ,HBV specific‐CTL levels in the peripheral blood of patients with high ALT levels were all significantly lower than those in patients with low ALT levels (all P<0 .01) .Nonspecific CTL and HBV DNA levels in the peripheral blood of patients with high ALT levels were both significantly higher than those in patients with low ALT levels (both P<0 .01) .HBV DNA ,IL‐21 and nonspecific CTL were all correlated with IL‐7 (all P<0 .01) .Conclusion The differences of HBV specific‐CTL and liver function in CHB patients infected with genotype B and C may be correlated with interleukin‐7 induced Tfhcells.

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Objective To explore the relationship between viral load and expression of CD 226 on the surface of peripheral blood T follicular helper cells (Tfh) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) . Methods One hundred and thirty-five CHC patients hospitalized at Wuxi Fifth People′s Hospital from March 2015 to April 2017 were collected ,and another 30 healthy blood donors were set as healthy control group .CHC patients were divided into two groups based on hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA level ,with 49 cases (36 .3％ ) in low viral load group and 86 cases (63 .7％ ) in high viral load group .Expression of CD226 on the surface of peripheral blood Tfh cells , Tfh cells ,interleukin (IL )-21 and HCV specific cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) levels of two patient groups were compared .Categorical data were compared with chi-square test and normally distribute continuous data were compared with t test .Correlations between different factors were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis .Results Expression of CD226 on the surface of peripheral blood Tfh cells in 135 cases of CHC patients was (77 .69 ± 5 .42)％ ,which was lower than that of healthy control ([90 .06 ± 5 .83]％ ) ,and the difference between the two groups was significant (t= 7 .541 , P < 0 .01) .The CD226 expression on the peripheral blood Tfh cells in low viral load group was (88 .75 ± 6 .68)％ ,which was higher than that of high viral load group ([69 .23 ± 5 .86]％ ) ,and the difference between the two groups was significant (t = 19 .232 , P< 0 .01) .The viral load was negatively correlated with Tfh cell surface CD 226 expression (r = - 0 .705 , P < 0 .01) .The peripheral blood Tfh cell level in 135 CHC patients was higher than that of healthy control ,and the difference between the two groups was significant (t= 13 .878 , P< 0 .01) .The peripheral blood Tfh cell level in low viral load group was higher than that in high viral load group ,and the difference between the two groups was significant (t= 26 .993 , P< 0 .01) .The IL-21 level of 135 CHC patients was lower than that of healthy control ([70 .35 ± 1 .6]％ ) ,and the difference between the two groups was significant (t=18 .322 , P< 0 .01) .The IL-21 level in peripheral blood of low viral load group was higher than that of high viral load group ,and the difference between the two groups was significant (t= 84 .54 , P< 0 .01) . HCV specific CTL level in peripheral blood of low viral load group was higher than that of high viral load group ,and the difference between the two groups was significant (t = 29 .869 , P< 0 .01) .The viral load was negatively correlated with levels of HCV specific CTL (r= -0 .734 ,P< 0 .01) .Conclusions In patients with chronic hepatitis C ,different levels of viral load can result in different levels of CD 226 expression on the peripheral blood Tfh cells .Patients with low viral load has high CD226 expression on Tfh cell surface , resulting in rise of Tfh cell level ,IL-21 level and HCV specific CTL level .

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an effective tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of MS, and the identification of MS lesions is increasingly updated with the development of technology. In recent years, 7.0 T ultra-high field MRI has been widely used in MS. This review will make an overview of the research progress of 7.0 T ultra-high field MRI in MS in recent years.

Autoimmune diseases of the nervous and muscle systems constitute a major disease category in neurology, characterized by high disability and heterogeneity. However, incidences for this group of disorders are still unknown in China at the national level. The emergence of the national Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS) provides comprehensive data for epidemiological studies of rare diseases, and the systematism, accuracy and consistency during data collection of HQMS information provide a unique advantage for the investigation of the incidence of rare diseases. Currently, the incidence of major neurological autoimmune diseases based on HQMS has been accomplished and published. In conjunction with clinical practice and research progress of this field, the incidence studies of multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and myasthenia gravis are summarized. The completion of survey of disease incidence is instrumental to investigate the prevalence of this group of diseases. Ultimately, the outcome would benefit neurologists as well as health care policy makers.