Because of the rapid action and high bioavailability, traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs) had been widely used in clinical critical field. In recent years, with the increasing reports of clinical adverse reaction, more and more attention was paid to them, and acute allergic reaction was the main adverse reaction. Acute allergic reaction included type-I anaphylaxis reaction and anaphylactoid reaction, the latter had been found in a variety of TCMIs and accounted for 77% of adverse reaction. But the mechanism of anaphylactoid reaction was not completely understood, the standard animal model for TCMIs was not established, and the technical guidance for anaphylactoid reaction was not formulated. Thus the three aspects included mechanism, evaluation index and evaluation methods of TCMIs for anaphylactoid were reviewed. Five ways including direct stimulating pathway, complement pathway, coagulation pathway, kallikrein-kinin pathway and acute allergic pathway were the main mechanism of anaphylactoid reaction; whole animal model and cell model were the main evaluation methods; the occurrence index and effect index were reviewed for the evaluation index analysis.
Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Drug Hypersensitivity ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Humans ; Injections ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; adverse effects

With the combined applications of steam distillation, water extraction and alcohol precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatography over macroporous resin, a splitted-fractions method of the chemical constituents of Poria cocos was established. The unoverlapping property of the fractions of P. cocos was qualitatively analysed by using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. With angle cosine, squared euclidean distance and the overlapping analysis of peak area of crude herbs, the unoverlapping property of the fractions of P. cocos was half-quantitatively analysed. The chemical components of P. cocos was divided into the fractions of polysaccharide, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, alcohol eluate from macroporous resin and water eluate from macroporous resin. Non similarity degree among each chemical fraction was above 80% and main chemical components were identified. The established method for splitting fractions of P. cocos has good stability and repeatability and all chemical components in P. cocos could be completely divided into six fractions. It is the first time that the author half-quantitatively analyse the unoverlapping property of the chemical fractions of P. cocos.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cluster Analysis ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Poria ; chemistry

Alkaloids ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Anticonvulsants ; pharmacology ; Benzodioxoles ; Oils, Volatile ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Piper ; chemistry ; Piper nigrum ; chemistry ; Piperidines ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polyunsaturated Alkamides

OBJECTIVETo investigate the chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Smilax glabra.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by column chromatography with silica gel, Diaion HP-20 and ODS as packing materials, and HPLC. Their structures were determined on the basis of their spectral evidence.

RESULT5 dihydro-flavonol glycosides were identified as: astilbin (1), neoastilbin (2), isoastilbin (3), neoisoastilbin (4), (2R, 3R)-taxifolin-3'-O-beta-D-pyranglucoside (5).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 2, 4, 5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Flavonols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quercetin ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Smilax ; chemistry ; Stereoisomerism

OBJECTIVETo determine the plasma protein binding rate of arctiin and arctigenin.

METHODThe ultrafiltration combined with HPLC was employed to determine the plasma protein binding rate of arctiin and arctigenin as well as rat plasma and healthy human plasma proteins.

RESULTThe plasma protein binding rate of arctiin with rat plasma at the concentrations of 64. 29, 32.14, 16.07 mg x L(-1) were (71.2 +/- 2.0)%, (73.4 +/- 0.61)%, (78.2 +/- 1.9)%, respectively; while the plasma protein binding rate of arctiin with healthy human plasma at the above concentrations were (64.8 +/- 3.1)%, (64.5 +/- 2.5)%, (77.5 +/- 1.7)%, respectively. The plasma protein binding rate of arctigenin with rat plasma at the concentrations of 77.42, 38.71, 19.36 mg x L(-1) were (96.7 +/- 0.41)%, (96.8 +/- 1.6)%, (97.3 +/- 0.46)%, respectively; while the plasma protein binding rate of arctigenin with normal human plasma at the above concentrations were (94.7 +/- 3.1)%, (96.8 +/- 1.6)%, (97.9 +/- 1.3)%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe binding rate of arctiin with rat plasma protein was moderate, which is slightly higher than the binding rate of arctiin with healthy human plasma protein. The plasma protein binding rates of arctigenin with both rat plasma and healthy human plasma are very high.

Animals ; Binding, Competitive ; Blood Proteins ; metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Furans ; metabolism ; Glucosides ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lignans ; metabolism ; Male ; Protein Binding ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ultrafiltration ; methods

AIMTo study the chemical composition of Opuntia dillenii Haw.

METHODSMany kinds of chromatography methods were used to separate the chemical constituents. Their structures were determined by NMR and MS spectral analysis.

RESULTSA new compound, together with five known compounds, were isolated from the 80% ethanolic extract of the stems.

CONCLUSIONThe new compound was identified as 4-ethoxyl-6-hydroxymethyl-alpha-pyrone. Compounds 1, 3, 4 and 5 were obtained for the first time from the genus of Opuntia, and they were: 3-O-methyl isorhamnein, 1-heptanecanol, vanillic acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-rutinoside. Ruin was isolated from this plant for the first time.

Molecular Structure ; Opuntia ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pyrones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Rutin ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Vanillic Acid ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical composition of Opuntia dillenii.

METHODMany kinds of chromatography methods were used in the isolation procedure, while the structures of isolated compounds were determined on the aids of NMR and MS spectral analysis.

RESULTA new compound, together with five known compounds, was isolated form the 80% ethanolic extract of its stems.

CONCLUSIONThe new compound was characterized as opuntioside. Four compounds were obtained for the first from the genus Opuntia, and they were daucosterol, p-hydroxybenzoicacid, L-(-)-malic acid, (E)-ferulic acid. Opuntiol was also separated for the first from the plant.

Coumaric Acids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Monosaccharides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Opuntia ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sitosterols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo isolate and elucidate the constituents from the roots of Commercial Ginseng.

METHODColumn chromatography and HPLC were used to isolate chemical constituents. Physico-chemical characters and spectr-oscopic analysis were employed for structural identification.

RESULTSixteen compounds were identified as: notoginsenoside-R2(1), ginsenoside-Rg2(2), 20 (R)-Rg2 (3), ginsenoside-Rg1 (4), -Rf(5), -Re(6), -Rd(7), -Rc(8), -Rb1(9), -Rb2(10), -Rb3(11), -Ra3(12), -Ra2(13), -Ra1 (14), notoginsenoside-R4(15) and ginsenoside -Ro(16).

CONCLUSIONCompound 1 was obtained from the plant for the first time.

Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Nine triterpenes compounds were isolated from the male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides by recrystallization and chromatographic techniques over silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and RP-18 gel. Their chemical structures were identified on the basis of spectral analysis and as 3-oxo-12-en-ursane-28-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl (1 --> 6) -β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2α, 3β-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid(28 --> 1) -β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2), ursolic acid (3), α-amyrin (4), uvaol (5), ursolic acid acetate (6), 3-O-acetate oleanoic acid (7), betulinic acid (8), and betulinol (9). Compound 1 was a new compound, and compounds 2, 4-7 were isolated from the Eucommiu genus for the first time. Cytotoxic activity was tested for all the compounds against K562 and HepG2 cells. The results showed that only compound 3, exhibited cytotoxic activity.
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Eucommiaceae ; chemistry ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Triterpenes ; analysis ; pharmacology

Objective To observe the effects of long-term hemodialysis(HD) combined with hemoperfusion(HP) on the levels of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.Methods Forty-six patients with MHD were selected and divided into HD +HP group and HD group .HD+HP group ( n=22 ) was treated with low-flux HD twice a week and HD combined with HP once a week ,while HD group(n=24) was treated with low-flux HD three times a week.The follow-up lasted 36 weeks.The pre-dialysis concentration of PBUTs was measured at week 12, 24, 36 and baseline.PBUTs included hippuric acid (HA), indoxyl sulphate (IS)and p-cresyl sulphate (PCS).High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ( HPLC-MS/MS) was used for determination .Results After 36 weeks of follow-up, the concentration of the three toxins in the HD +HP group was lower than that in the HD group during the study.At the end of the study, the reduction rates of HA, IS and PCS were 33.5%,12.8% and 24.2%, respectively, in HD+HP group.The three toxins in HD group increased by 2.3%,21.8%and 2.8%.The clearance rate of HA, PCS and IS in the HP+HD group was higher than in HD group (P<0.05).Conclusion Long-term HD combined with HP can more effectively remove PBUTs , and keep them at a lower level .